【中英文對照】《中國的核應(yīng)急》白皮書
發(fā)布時間：2016-01-27 13:35:56 | 來源：中國網(wǎng) | 作者： | 責(zé)任編輯：李瀟| 前言 | Preface |
| 原子的發(fā)現(xiàn)和核能的開發(fā)利用給人類社會發(fā)展帶來新的動力，極大增強(qiáng)人類認(rèn)識世界和改造世界的能力。核能發(fā)展伴隨著核安全風(fēng)險和挑戰(zhàn)。人類要更好利用核能、實現(xiàn)更大發(fā)展，必須創(chuàng)新核技術(shù)、確保核安全、做好核應(yīng)急。核安全是核能事業(yè)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的生命線，核應(yīng)急是核能事業(yè)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的重要保障。 | The discovery of the atom and the subsequent development and utilization of nuclear energy gave a new impetus to the progress of humanity and greatly enhanced mankind's ability to understand and shape the world. Yet, the development of nuclear energy has associated risks and challenges. For mankind to better utilize nuclear energy and achieve even greater progress, it is necessary to make innovations in nuclear technologies, ensure nuclear safety and do well in nuclear emergency preparedness. While nuclear safety constitutes a lifeline for the sustained and healthy development of nuclear energy, nuclear emergency preparedness serves as an important safeguard for its sustained and healthy development. |
| 核應(yīng)急是為了控制核事故、緩解核事故、減輕核事故后果而采取的不同于正常秩序和正常工作程序的緊急行為，是政府主導(dǎo)、企業(yè)配合、各方協(xié)同、統(tǒng)一開展的應(yīng)急行動。核應(yīng)急事關(guān)重大、涉及全局，對于保護(hù)公眾、保護(hù)環(huán)境、保障社會穩(wěn)定、維護(hù)國家安全具有重要意義。 | Nuclear emergency preparedness denotes the emergency actions taken to control, contain and mitigate a nuclear accident, and to minimize the consequences of such accidents, which are different from the normal order and working procedure. They are emergency response actions guided by the government, assisted by the relevant enterprises, coordinated among all the involved parties and implemented in a unified manner. Nuclear emergency preparedness is of paramount importance and bears on the overall situation, and is therefore of critical significance to the protection of the general public, the environment and social stability as well as safeguarding national security. |
| 中國始終把核安全放在和平利用核能事業(yè)首要位置，堅持總體國家安全觀，倡導(dǎo)理性、協(xié)調(diào)、并進(jìn)的核安全觀，秉持為發(fā)展求安全、以安全促發(fā)展的理念，始終追求發(fā)展和安全兩個目標(biāo)有機(jī)融合。半個多世紀(jì)以來，中國人民奮發(fā)圖強(qiáng)、歷盡艱辛，創(chuàng)建發(fā)展核能事業(yè)并取得輝煌成就。同時，不斷改進(jìn)核安全技術(shù)，實施嚴(yán)格的核安全監(jiān)管，加強(qiáng)核應(yīng)急管理，核能事業(yè)始終保持良好安全記錄。 | China has consistently given top priority to nuclear safety in its peaceful use of nuclear energy, and has persisted in an overall national security concept by advocating a rational, coordinated and balanced nuclear safety outlook. China has followed the approach of enhancing safety for the sake of development and promoting development by upholding safety in an unrelenting effort to bring the dual goals of development and safety in alignment with each other. In the past six decades or so, the Chinese people have been working with stamina and diligence in the pursuit of nuclear energy utilization, with splendid achievements. At the same time, the Chinese people have been sparing no effort to improve nuclear safety techniques, enforce rigorous nuclear safety supervision, strengthen nuclear emergency management and ensure that nuclear energy has always maintained a sound safety record. |
| 核事故影響無國界，核應(yīng)急管理無小事。總結(jié)三哩島核事故、切爾諾貝利核事故、福島核事故的教訓(xùn)，中國更加深刻認(rèn)識到核應(yīng)急的極端重要性，持續(xù)加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)工作，不斷提升中國核安全保障水平。中國在核應(yīng)急法律法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建設(shè)、體制機(jī)制建設(shè)、基礎(chǔ)能力建設(shè)、專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)、演習(xí)演練、公眾溝通、國際合作與交流等方面取得巨大進(jìn)步，既為自身核能事業(yè)發(fā)展提供堅強(qiáng)保障，也為推動建立公平、開放、合作、共贏的國際核安全應(yīng)急體系，促進(jìn)人類共享核能發(fā)展成果作出積極貢獻(xiàn)。 | Nuclear accidents know no national boundaries, and everything related to nuclear emergency management is too important to be taken lightly. Drawing on the lessons learned from the Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents, China has come to a profound understanding of the utmost importance of nuclear emergencies, and the need to continuously strengthen and improve nuclear emergency preparedness and responses with a view to constantly enhancing the nuclear safety safeguard level. China has made great strides in a full range of nuclear emergency-related activities, including the enactment of regulations, codes and standards, the establishment of institutional and regulatory regimes, the building-up of basic capabilities, the fostering of professional personnel, related exercises and drills, public communication, and international cooperation and exchanges. This has not only provided a robust safeguard for China's own nuclear energy development, but also contributed actively to the promotion of a fair, open, collaborative and mutually beneficial international nuclear safety emergency framework and mankind's sharing of nuclear energy development achievements. |
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| 一、核能發(fā)展與核應(yīng)急基本形勢 | I. Current Situation of Nuclear Energy Development and Nuclear Emergency Preparedness |
| 20世紀(jì)50年代中期，中國創(chuàng)建核工業(yè)。60多年來，中國致力于和平利用核能事業(yè)，發(fā)展推動核技術(shù)在工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、醫(yī)學(xué)、環(huán)境、能源等領(lǐng)域廣泛應(yīng)用。特別是改革開放以來，中國核能事業(yè)得到更大發(fā)展。 | It was in the mid-1950s that China embarked on its nuclear industry. Over the past more than six decades China has made constant endeavors in the peaceful use of nuclear energy by promoting the extensive application of nuclear technologies to such areas as industry, agriculture, medicine, the environment and energy. In particular, since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policies in late 1978 China's nuclear energy sector has seen particularly rapid development. |
| 發(fā)展核電是中國核能事業(yè)的重要組成部分。核電是一種清潔、高效、優(yōu)質(zhì)的現(xiàn)代能源。中國堅持發(fā)展與安全并重原則，執(zhí)行安全高效發(fā)展核電政策，采用最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)、最嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)展核電。1985年3月，中國大陸第一座核電站——秦山核電站破土動工。截至2015年10月底，中國大陸運(yùn)行核電機(jī)組27臺，總裝機(jī)容量2550萬千瓦；在建核電機(jī)組25臺，總裝機(jī)容量2751萬千瓦。中國開發(fā)出具有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的大型先進(jìn)壓水堆、高溫氣冷堆核電技術(shù)。“華龍一號”核電技術(shù)示范工程投入建設(shè)。中國實驗快堆實現(xiàn)滿功率穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行72小時，標(biāo)志著已經(jīng)掌握快堆關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。 | The development of nuclear power constitutes an important component of China's nuclear energy sector. Nuclear power is a clean, efficient and quality modern energy source. China has consistently adhered to the principle of placing equal emphasis on development and safety, and implemented the policy of developing nuclear power in a safe and efficient manner by adopting the most advanced technology and most stringent standards. In March 1985 construction started on the Qinshan Nuclear Power Station, the first of its kind in the mainland of China. As of the end of October 2015, in the mainland of China 27 nuclear generating units had been in operation, with a total installed capacity of 25.50 GWe, and another 25 nuclear generating units with a total installed capacity of 27.51 GWe had been under construction. China has already developed its large-sized advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) and High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) technologies with proprietary intellectual property rights. Construction of the HPR1000 technology pilot project has already commenced. The China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) has achieved full power operation over 72 hours, signifying that China has already mastered the core technology associated with fast reactors. |
| 伴隨著核能事業(yè)的發(fā)展，核安全與核應(yīng)急同步得到加強(qiáng)。中國的核設(shè)施、核活動始終保持安全穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，特別是核電安全水平不斷提高。中國大陸所有運(yùn)行核電機(jī)組未發(fā)生過國際核與輻射事件分級表二級以上事件和事故，氣態(tài)和液態(tài)流出物排放遠(yuǎn)低于國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值。在建核電機(jī)組質(zhì)量保證、安全監(jiān)管、應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備體系完整。 | With the development of the nuclear energy sector, nuclear safety and nuclear emergency work have seen steady synchronous reinforcement. China's nuclear facilities and nuclear activities have all along been in safe and stable state and, in particular, the safety level of nuclear power stations has witnessed constant improvement. None of the nuclear power generating units in China's mainland has suffered events or accidents rated above Level 2 under the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES), with the release of gaseous and liquid effluents kept far below the national regulatory limits. All of the under-construction nuclear power generating units have intact quality assurance, safety supervision and emergency preparedness systems. |
| 中國高度重視核應(yīng)急，始終以對人民安全和社會安全高度負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度強(qiáng)化核應(yīng)急管理。早在作出發(fā)展核電決策之時就同步部署安排核應(yīng)急工作。切爾諾貝利核事故發(fā)生后，中國明確表示發(fā)展核電方針不變，強(qiáng)調(diào)必須做好核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備，1986年即開展國家核應(yīng)急工作。1991年，成立國家核事故應(yīng)急委員會，統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)全國核事故應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備和救援工作。1993年，發(fā)布《核電廠核事故應(yīng)急管理條例》，對核應(yīng)急作出基本規(guī)范。1997年，發(fā)布第一部《國家核應(yīng)急計劃（預(yù)案）》，對核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)作出部署，之后，為適應(yīng)核能發(fā)展需要，多次進(jìn)行修訂形成《國家核應(yīng)急預(yù)案》。目前，中國核應(yīng)急管理與準(zhǔn)備工作的體系化、專業(yè)化、規(guī)范化、科學(xué)化水平全面提升。 | China has always attached great importance to nuclear emergency work by taking a highly responsible attitude toward the safety of the people and society as a whole in enforcing nuclear emergency management. Arrangements have been made for nuclear emergency work in tandem with the decision taken to proceed with nuclear power development. In the wake of the Chernobyl accident, China made it clear that there would be no change in its nuclear power development policy, while stressing that a good job would be done on nuclear emergency preparedness - with the result that national nuclear emergency work got off the ground in 1986. In 1991 the National Nuclear Accident Emergency Committee was inaugurated and commissioned to make overall planning and coordinate nuclear accident emergency preparations and rescue work nationwide. In 1993 China promulgated the Regulations on Emergency Measures for Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants to formalize nuclear emergency by regulatory means. In 1997 the first National Nuclear Emergency Plan (Scenario) was issued to lay out arrangements for nuclear emergency preparations and response in the form of a governmental decision. To cater to the needs of nuclear power development, multiple revisions have since been made to the original Plan and the latest version of National Nuclear Emergency Plan has been enacted. At present, China's nuclear emergency management and preparations have seen comprehensive upgrades in terms of system, specialization, standards and scientific rigor. |
| 按照中國核電中長期發(fā)展規(guī)劃目標(biāo)，到2020年，中國大陸運(yùn)行核電裝機(jī)容量將達(dá)到5800萬千瓦，在建3000萬千瓦左右；到2030年，力爭形成能夠體現(xiàn)世界核電發(fā)展方向的科技研發(fā)體系和配套工業(yè)體系，核電技術(shù)裝備在國際市場占據(jù)相當(dāng)份額，全面實現(xiàn)建設(shè)核電強(qiáng)國目標(biāo)。面對核能事業(yè)發(fā)展新形勢新挑戰(zhàn)，中國核應(yīng)急在技術(shù)、裝備、人才、能力、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等方面還存在一定不足，這也是其他國家在開發(fā)利用核能進(jìn)程中面臨的共同課題。中國將通過理念創(chuàng)新、科技創(chuàng)新、管理創(chuàng)新，不斷強(qiáng)化國家核應(yīng)急管理，把核應(yīng)急提高到新水平。 | Under China's medium- and long-term development objectives, by 2020 the in-operation nuclear power installed capacity will reach 58 GWe in the mainland of China plus an additional 30 GWe approximately under construction. By 2030 endeavors will have been made to put into place science and technology R&D systems along with their associated industrial systems representing the global development trends of nuclear power, and to ensure that nuclear power technologies and equipment will take up a substantial share in the international market, thereby meeting the target of building a strong nuclear power country. Faced with the new situation, new challenges and new requirements, China is still confronted with shortfalls in nuclear emergency work in terms of technology, equipment, needed professionals, capacity and standards, which are the same problems encountered by other countries in developing nuclear energy. China will seek to reinforce national nuclear emergency management and raise its nuclear emergency work to a new level through idea innovation, scientific and technological innovation, and management innovation. |
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| 二、核應(yīng)急方針政策 | II. Guidelines and Policies for Nuclear Emergency Preparedness |
| 中國是發(fā)展中大國，在發(fā)展核能進(jìn)程中，通過制定法律、行政法規(guī)和發(fā)布政令等方式，確定核應(yīng)急基本方針政策。 | As a large developing country, China has laid down basic guidelines and policies applicable to nuclear emergency preparedness through enactment of laws, administrative regulations and issuance of government decrees in the course of nuclear energy development. |
| 中國核應(yīng)急基本目標(biāo)是：依法科學(xué)統(tǒng)一、及時有效應(yīng)對處置核事故，最大程度控制、緩解或消除事故，減輕事故造成的人員傷亡和財產(chǎn)損失，保護(hù)公眾，保護(hù)環(huán)境，維護(hù)社會秩序，保障人民安全和國家安全。 | The basic objectives of nuclear emergency preparedness in China are: scientific coordination according to law, timely and effectively coping with nuclear accidents, maximally controlling/mitigating or eliminating accidents, minimizing human casualties/fatalities and property damages, protecting the public and the environment, maintaining social order and safeguarding the people's safety and national security. |
| 中國核應(yīng)急基本方針是：常備不懈、積極兼容，統(tǒng)一指揮、大力協(xié)同，保護(hù)公眾、保護(hù)環(huán)境。 | The basic policy of nuclear emergency management in China is: constant vigilance, versatile compatibility, unified command, active coordination, public safeguard and environmental protection. |
| ——常備不懈、積極兼容。各級核應(yīng)急組織以“養(yǎng)兵千日，用兵一時”的態(tài)度，充分準(zhǔn)備，隨時應(yīng)對可能發(fā)生的核事故。建立健全專兼配合、資源整合、平戰(zhàn)結(jié)合、軍民融合的核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)體系。核應(yīng)急與其他工作統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃、統(tǒng)籌部署、兼容實施。 | -- Constant vigilance, versatile compatibility. Nuclear emergency organizations at all levels should stay alert and vigilant at all times in readiness to respond to possible nuclear accidents at any time. A nuclear emergency preparation and response system featuring coordination of dedicated and standby systems, rational deployment of resources, combination of routine exercises and actual emergency response, and integration of civilian and military resources is to be established and perfected. Nuclear emergency work must be planned and deployed in an overall manner together with other activities and implemented compatibly with them. |
| ——統(tǒng)一指揮、大力協(xié)同。核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)指揮場內(nèi)核事故應(yīng)急響應(yīng)行動，各級政府統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)指揮本級管轄區(qū)域內(nèi)核事故應(yīng)急響應(yīng)行動。在政府統(tǒng)一組織指揮下，核應(yīng)急組織、相關(guān)部門、相關(guān)企業(yè)、專業(yè)力量、社會組織以及軍隊救援力量等協(xié)同配合，共同完成核事故應(yīng)急響應(yīng)行動。 | -- Unified command, active coordination. Operators of nuclear installations shall coordinate and direct on-site nuclear accident emergency response actions in a unified manner, and governments at all levels shall coordinate and direct nuclear accident emergency response actions within their respective jurisdictions in a unified manner. Under the unified organization and direction of the government, nuclear emergency organizations, relevant departments, relevant enterprises, professional teams, social organizations and military rescue units shall work in coordination with one another in a joint effort to complete nuclear accident emergency response actions. |
| ——保護(hù)公眾、保護(hù)環(huán)境。把保護(hù)公眾作為核應(yīng)急的根本宗旨，以一切為了人民的態(tài)度和行動應(yīng)對處置核事故。把保護(hù)環(huán)境作為核應(yīng)急的根本要求，盡可能把核事故造成的放射性物質(zhì)釋放降到最小，最大程度控制、減輕或消除對環(huán)境的危害。 | -- Public safeguard and environmental protection. Public safeguard constitutes the fundamental objective of nuclear emergency preparedness, and it is incumbent upon us to take the attitude and actions that everything is for the people in coping with nuclear accidents. Environmental protection should be viewed as the fundamental requirement of nuclear emergency preparedness in such a way that every effort is made to minimize the release of radioactive substances and do our best to control, mitigate and eliminate damages to the environment. |
| 中國核應(yīng)急基本原則是：統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、分級負(fù)責(zé)，條塊結(jié)合、軍地協(xié)同，快速反應(yīng)、科學(xué)處置。 | The basic principles underlying nuclear emergency preparedness in China are: unified leadership, different levels of responsibility, tiered arrangements, coordination between the locality and the military, quick response, and scientific handling. |
| ——統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、分級負(fù)責(zé)。在中央政府統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國建立分級負(fù)責(zé)的核應(yīng)急管理體系。核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位是核事故場內(nèi)應(yīng)急工作責(zé)任主體。省級人民政府是本行政區(qū)域核事故場外應(yīng)急工作責(zé)任主體。 | -- Unified leadership, different levels of responsibility. Under the unified leadership of the central government, China has established a nuclear emergency management system featuring assignment of responsibility to different levels. The operator of the relevant nuclear installation is the major body of accountability for on-site emergency work. The people's government at the provincial level is the major body of accountability for off-site emergency activities in its jurisdiction. |
| ——條塊結(jié)合、軍地協(xié)同。核應(yīng)急涉及中央與地方、軍隊與政府、場內(nèi)與場外、專業(yè)技術(shù)與社會管理等方面，必須堅持統(tǒng)籌兼顧、相互配合、大力協(xié)同、綜合施救。 | -- Tiered arrangements, coordination between the locality and the military. Nuclear emergency involves the central and the local, the military and the government, on-site and off-site, specialized techniques and social administration. Therefore, it is necessary to uphold the principles of uniform deployment and centralized planning, mutual support, mutual coordination, and comprehensive rescue at all times. |
| ——快速反應(yīng)、科學(xué)處置。核事故發(fā)生后，各級核應(yīng)急組織及早介入，迅速控制緩解事故，減輕對公眾和環(huán)境的影響。遵循應(yīng)對處置核事故特點規(guī)律，組織開展分析研判，科學(xué)決策，有效實施輻射監(jiān)測、工程搶險、去污洗消、輻射防護(hù)、醫(yī)學(xué)救援等響應(yīng)行動。 | -- Quick response, scientific handling. When a nuclear accident occurs, all levels of nuclear emergency organizations shall be mobilized at the earliest possible time to rapidly control and mitigate the accident to minimize any impact on the public and the environment. Every effort shall be made to take into account the characteristics and rules applicable to nuclear accidents as the basis for organizing studies and evaluations to enable scientific decision-making, and enforce a full range of response actions in an effective manner, including radiation monitoring, worksite rescue, decontamination and cleansing, radiation protection and medical treatment, and so forth. |
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| 三、核應(yīng)急“一案三制”建設(shè) | III. All-round Promotion of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness |
| 中國高度重視核應(yīng)急的預(yù)案和法制、體制、機(jī)制（簡稱“一案三制”）建設(shè)，通過法律制度保障、體制機(jī)制保障，建立健全國家核應(yīng)急組織管理體系。 | China lays great store by the planning, and legislative/institutional/regulatory systems (known in Chinese as "One Planning plus Three Systems") associated with nuclear emergency preparedness, and ensures the establishment and full functioning of a national nuclear emergency management system through the safeguards of legislation, institution and regulations. |
| 加強(qiáng)全國核應(yīng)急預(yù)案體系建設(shè)。《國家核應(yīng)急預(yù)案》是中央政府應(yīng)對處置核事故預(yù)先制定的工作方案。《國家核應(yīng)急預(yù)案》對核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)的組織體系、核應(yīng)急指揮與協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制、核事故應(yīng)急響應(yīng)分級、核事故后恢復(fù)行動、應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與保障措施等作了全面規(guī)定。按照《國家核應(yīng)急預(yù)案》要求，各級政府部門和核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位制定核應(yīng)急預(yù)案，形成相互配套銜接的全國核應(yīng)急預(yù)案體系。 | Strengthening national nuclear emergency planning system building. The National Nuclear Emergency Plan is an action program pre-set by the central government to cope with nuclear accident scenarios. The National Nuclear Emergency Plan lays down a whole set of regulations on the organizational system, command and coordination mechanism, emergency response classification, post-accident restoration actions, and emergency preparation and safeguard measures related to nuclear emergency preparation and response actions. In line with the requirements of the National Nuclear Emergency Plan, governments at all levels and nuclear installation operators must draw up nuclear emergency plans fully in keeping with the National Nuclear Emergency Plan, so as to form a nationwide system of nuclear emergency planning. |
| 加強(qiáng)核應(yīng)急法制建設(shè)。中國基本形成國家法律、行政法規(guī)、部門規(guī)章、國家和行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、管理導(dǎo)則于一體的核應(yīng)急法律法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。早在1993年8月就頒布實施《核電廠核事故應(yīng)急管理條例》。進(jìn)入本世紀(jì)以來，又先后頒布實施《中華人民共和國放射性污染防治法》《中華人民共和國突發(fā)事件應(yīng)對法》，從法律層面對核應(yīng)急作出規(guī)定和要求。2015年7月，新修訂的《中華人民共和國國家安全法》開始實施，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)加強(qiáng)核事故應(yīng)急體系和應(yīng)急能力建設(shè)，防止、控制和消除核事故對公眾生命健康和生態(tài)環(huán)境的危害。與這些法律法規(guī)相配套，政府相關(guān)部門制定相應(yīng)的部門規(guī)章和管理導(dǎo)則，相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)和涉核行業(yè)制定技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。軍隊制定參加核電廠核事故應(yīng)急救援條例等相關(guān)法規(guī)和規(guī)章制度。目前，正積極推進(jìn)原子能法、核安全法立法進(jìn)程。 | Strengthening nuclear emergency legislative system building. China has put in place its own nuclear emergency legal framework, comprising state laws, administrative regulations, departmental rules, national and industrial standards, and management guidelines. As early as August 1993 China put into effect the Regulations on Emergency Management of Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants. Since the beginning of this century China has, in succession, enacted the Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution and Emergency Response Law of the People's Republic of China, providing regulations and requirements from the legal perspective on nuclear emergency preparedness. In July 2015 the newly revised State Security Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated, further reinforcing the nuclear accident emergency system and emergency response capacity building to prevent, control and eliminate damage to the life and health of the general public and ecological environment. In keeping with the foregoing laws and regulations, relevant departments of the government have worked out and put into effect their respective regulations and management guidelines, and relevant institutions and nuclear-related industries have drawn up applicable technical standards. The military also has drawn up relevant regulations, and established systems governing emergency rescue actions associated with nuclear emergency preparedness. Currently efforts are being made to push forward the legislative process associated with the Atomic Energy Law and Nuclear Safety Law. |
| 加強(qiáng)核應(yīng)急管理體制建設(shè)。中國核應(yīng)急實行國家統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、綜合協(xié)調(diào)、分級負(fù)責(zé)、屬地管理為主的管理體制。全國核應(yīng)急管理工作由中央政府指定部門牽頭負(fù)責(zé)。核設(shè)施所在地的省（區(qū)、市）人民政府指定部門負(fù)責(zé)本行政區(qū)域內(nèi)的核應(yīng)急管理工作。核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位及其上級主管部門（單位）負(fù)責(zé)場內(nèi)核應(yīng)急管理工作。必要時，由中央政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、組織、協(xié)調(diào)全國的核事故應(yīng)急管理工作。 | Strengthening nuclear emergency management system building. China implements a nuclear emergency management system featuring unified leadership at the national level, overall coordination, assignment of responsibilities to different levels and emphasis on localized administration. The nuclear emergency management is led and placed under the responsibility of the department designated by the central government. The governments of the province (autonomous region or centrally administered municipality) wherein nuclear installations are located are responsible for nuclear emergency management within their respective jurisdictions. The operator of the relevant nuclear installation and its senior competent authority (unit) shall be responsible for on-site emergency management. Wherever necessary, the central government will lead, organize and coordinate nuclear emergency management at the national level. |
| 加強(qiáng)核應(yīng)急機(jī)制建設(shè)。中國實行由一個部門牽頭、多個部門參與的核應(yīng)急組織協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制。在國家層面，設(shè)立國家核事故應(yīng)急協(xié)調(diào)委員會，由政府和軍隊相關(guān)部門組成，主要職責(zé)是：貫徹國家核應(yīng)急工作方針，擬定國家核應(yīng)急工作政策，統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)全國核事故應(yīng)急，決策、組織、指揮應(yīng)急支援響應(yīng)行動。同時設(shè)立國家核事故應(yīng)急辦公室，承擔(dān)國家核事故應(yīng)急協(xié)調(diào)委員會日常工作。在省（區(qū)、市）層面，設(shè)立核應(yīng)急協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)構(gòu)。核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位設(shè)立核應(yīng)急組織。國家和各相關(guān)省（區(qū)、市）以及核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位建立專家委員會或支撐機(jī)構(gòu)，為核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)提供決策咨詢和建議。 | Strengthening nuclear emergency mechanism building. China implements a nuclear emergency organization and coordination mechanism featuring leadership by one department and participation by multiple departments. At the national level, a National Nuclear Accident Emergency Coordination Committee has been set up comprising relevant governmental and military departments with the following main responsibilities: implementing state nuclear emergency work guidelines, drawing up national policies for nuclear emergency management, uniformly coordinating emergency activities at the national level, and deciding, organizing and commanding emergency assistance response actions. A National Nuclear Emergency Office has also been set up to undertake the routine work of the National Nuclear Accident Emergency Coordination Committee. At the provincial (regional and municipal) levels, nuclear emergency coordination bodies have been established, and operators of nuclear installations have set up their respective nuclear emergency bodies. At the national and provincial (regional and municipal) levels and within the operators of the nuclear installations, committees of experts or the support organizations thereof have been established to provide advice and suggestions on nuclear emergency preparedness and response. |
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| 四、核應(yīng)急能力建設(shè)與保持 | IV. Building and Maintenance of Nuclear Emergency Capabilities |
| 中國堅持積極兼容、資源整合、專業(yè)配套、軍民融合的思路，建設(shè)并保持與核能事業(yè)安全高效發(fā)展相適應(yīng)的國家核應(yīng)急能力，形成有效應(yīng)對核事故的國家核應(yīng)急能力體系。 | Sticking to the guidelines of versatile compatibility, resource integration, interdisciplinary support, and integration of military and civilian capabilities, China builds and maintains national nuclear emergency capabilities commensurate with the safe and efficient development of nuclear energy, and forms a fully-fledged national system of nuclear emergency response capabilities. |
| 國家建立全國統(tǒng)一的核應(yīng)急能力體系，部署軍隊和地方兩個工作系統(tǒng)，區(qū)分國家級、省級、核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位級三個能力層次，推進(jìn)核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域的各種力量建設(shè)。 | At the national level, a unified nuclear emergency response capabilities system is in place to coordinate military and local systems whereby three distinct tiers of capabilities are maintained, viz. national, provincial and nuclear installation operator levels, with a view to pushing forward with the building of various capabilities related to nuclear emergency response. |
| 建設(shè)國家核應(yīng)急專業(yè)技術(shù)支持中心。建設(shè)輻射監(jiān)測、輻射防護(hù)、航空監(jiān)測、醫(yī)學(xué)救援、海洋輻射監(jiān)測、氣象監(jiān)測預(yù)報、輔助決策、響應(yīng)行動等8類國家級核應(yīng)急專業(yè)技術(shù)支持中心以及3個國家級核應(yīng)急培訓(xùn)基地，基本形成專業(yè)齊全、功能完備、支撐有效的核應(yīng)急技術(shù)支持和培訓(xùn)體系。 | Building national nuclear emergency response professional technical support centers. China has built eight types of national-level nuclear emergency technical support centers, i.e., radiation monitoring, radiation prevention, aviation monitoring, medical rescue, marine radiation monitoring, meteorological monitoring and forecasting, decision-making aid, and response action, along with three national-level nuclear emergency response training bases, thereby essentially forming an integrated emergency technical support and training system featuring a full array of disciplines and functions, and effective support. |
| 建設(shè)國家級核應(yīng)急救援力量。經(jīng)過多年努力，中國形成了規(guī)模適度、功能銜接、布局合理的核應(yīng)急救援專業(yè)力量體系。適應(yīng)核電站建設(shè)布局需要，按照區(qū)域部署、模塊設(shè)置、專業(yè)配套原則，組建30余支國家級專業(yè)救援分隊，承擔(dān)核事故應(yīng)急處置各類專業(yè)救援任務(wù)。軍隊是國家級核應(yīng)急救援力量的重要組成部分，擔(dān)負(fù)支援地方核事故應(yīng)急的職責(zé)使命，近年來核應(yīng)急力量建設(shè)成效顯著。為應(yīng)對可能發(fā)生的嚴(yán)重核事故，依托現(xiàn)有能力基礎(chǔ)，中國將組建一支300余人的國家核應(yīng)急救援隊，主要承擔(dān)復(fù)雜條件下重特大核事故突擊搶險和緊急處置任務(wù)，并參與國際核應(yīng)急救援行動。 | Building national-level nuclear emergency rescue forces. Through efforts over many years, China has already built a specialized nuclear emergency rescue capability system that is of a proper scale, well-coordinated and of a rational layout. To cater to the needs of layout for the construction of nuclear power stations, on the principle of regional deployment, modular set-up and disciplinary integration, over 30 national-level professional rescue teams have been formed to specifically take charge of various kinds of specialized rescue missions. The military constitutes an important part of the national-level nuclear emergency rescue force, and fulfills the mission of aiding local nuclear accident emergency response actions, and, as such, has scored brilliant achievements in building up its nuclear emergency response capabilities. To cope with possible severe nuclear accidents and on the basis of the available capabilities, China is to form a national nuclear emergency rescue team composed of over 300 people to be mainly responsible for undertaking unexpected rescue missions in serious nuclear accident scenarios and emergency treatment tasks, and stand ready to take part in international nuclear emergency rescue operations. |
| 建設(shè)省級核應(yīng)急力量。中國設(shè)立核電站的省（區(qū)、市）均建立了相應(yīng)的核應(yīng)急力量，包括核應(yīng)急指揮中心、應(yīng)急輻射監(jiān)測網(wǎng)、醫(yī)學(xué)救治網(wǎng)、氣象監(jiān)測網(wǎng)、洗消點、撤離道路、撤離人員安置點等，以及專業(yè)技術(shù)支持能力和救援分隊，基本滿足本區(qū)域核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)需要。省（區(qū)、市）核應(yīng)急指揮中心與本級行政區(qū)域內(nèi)核設(shè)施實現(xiàn)互聯(lián)互通。 | Building provincial-level nuclear emergency rescue forces. Nuclear emergency response forces have been established at the provincial (regional and municipal) levels in areas where nuclear power stations are sited, including nuclear emergency command centers, emergency radiation monitoring networks, medical treatment networks, meteorological monitoring networks, decontamination points, evacuation roads and shelters for evacuees, along with specialized technical support and rescue task forces, thereby basically meeting the nuclear emergency preparedness and response needs of the involved regions. Each provincial (regional and municipal) nuclear emergency command center is connected with the nuclear installation(s) within its jurisdiction. |
| 建設(shè)核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位核應(yīng)急力量。按照國家要求，參照國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，中國各核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位均建立相關(guān)的核應(yīng)急設(shè)施及力量，包括應(yīng)急指揮中心、應(yīng)急通訊設(shè)施、應(yīng)急監(jiān)測和后果評價設(shè)施；配備應(yīng)對處置緊急情況的應(yīng)急電源等急需裝備、設(shè)備和儀器；組建輻射監(jiān)測、事故控制、去污洗消等場內(nèi)核應(yīng)急救援隊伍。核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位所屬涉核集團(tuán)之間建立核應(yīng)急相互支援合作機(jī)制，形成核應(yīng)急資源儲備和調(diào)配等支援能力，實現(xiàn)優(yōu)勢互補(bǔ)、相互協(xié)調(diào)。 | Building a nuclear emergency response force on the part of the operators of nuclear installations. In accordance with national requirements and following international standards, operators of nuclear installations in China have set up their own nuclear emergency response facilities and forces, including emergency command centers, emergency communication facilities, and emergency monitoring and consequence evaluation facilities. In addition, emergency facilities, equipment and instrumentation, such as emergency power supply, are in place. On-site rescue teams specializing in radiation monitoring, accident control, decontamination and cleansing have been established. Corporations controlling operators of the respective nuclear installations have set up a mutual support collaborative mechanism to form nuclear emergency response resource reserve and deployment assistance capabilities, thereby ensuring mutually complementary support and coordination. |
| 按照積極兼容原則，圍繞各自職責(zé)，中國各級政府有關(guān)部門依據(jù)《國家核應(yīng)急預(yù)案》明確的任務(wù)，分別建立并加強(qiáng)可服務(wù)保障核應(yīng)急的能力體系。 | In accordance with the principle of versatile compatibility and based on their respective duties and responsibilities, government departments at different levels in China have established and reinforced their respective capability systems to serve and safeguard nuclear emergency response activities commensurate with the tasks established under the National Nuclear Emergency Plan. |
| 按照國家、相關(guān)省（區(qū)、市）和各核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位制定的核應(yīng)急預(yù)案，在國家核應(yīng)急體制機(jī)制框架下，各級各類核應(yīng)急力量統(tǒng)一調(diào)配、聯(lián)動使用，共同承擔(dān)核事故應(yīng)急處置任務(wù)。 | In accordance with the nuclear emergency response plans worked out by the national and provincial (regional and municipal) authorities and the operators of nuclear installations and within the institutional framework of the national nuclear emergency response system, various levels and categories of nuclear emergency response forces ensure unified deployment and interactive mobilization to jointly undertake tasks associated with nuclear accident emergency situations. |
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| 五、核事故應(yīng)對處置主要措施 | V. Main Measures to Cope with Nuclear Accidents |
| 中國參照國際先進(jìn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，汲取國際成熟經(jīng)驗，結(jié)合國情和核能發(fā)展實際，制定了控制、緩解、應(yīng)對核事故的工作措施。 | By referring the advanced international standards and drawing on worldwide mature experience, China has defined working measures to control, mitigate and cope with nuclear accidents commensurate with its national conditions and actual situation of nuclear energy development. |
| 實施縱深防御。設(shè)置五道防線，前移核應(yīng)急關(guān)口，多重屏障強(qiáng)化核電安全，防止事故與減輕事故后果。一是保證設(shè)計、制造、建造、運(yùn)行等質(zhì)量，預(yù)防偏離正常運(yùn)行。二是嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行運(yùn)行規(guī)程，遵守運(yùn)行技術(shù)規(guī)范，使機(jī)組運(yùn)行在限定的安全區(qū)間以內(nèi)，及時檢測和糾正偏差，對非正常運(yùn)行加以控制，防止演變?yōu)槭鹿省Ｈ侨绻钗茨芗皶r糾正，發(fā)生設(shè)計基準(zhǔn)事故時，自動啟用電廠安全系統(tǒng)和保護(hù)系統(tǒng)，組織應(yīng)急運(yùn)行，防止事故惡化。四是如果事故未能得到有效控制，啟動事故處理規(guī)程，實施事故管理策略，保證安全殼不被破壞，防止放射性物質(zhì)外泄。五是在極端情況下，如果以上各道防線均告失效，立即進(jìn)行場外應(yīng)急響應(yīng)行動，努力減輕事故對公眾和環(huán)境的影響。同時，設(shè)置多道實體屏障，確保層層設(shè)防，防止和控制放射性物質(zhì)釋入環(huán)境。 | Implementing the defense-in-depth concept. Five lines of defense have been set up under which the nuclear emergency preparedness threshold is moved ahead and multiple barriers are installed to strengthen nuclear safety, prevent accidents and mitigate the consequences of an accident. The five lines of defense are: First, the quality of design, manufacturing, construction and operation shall be assured to prevent deviation from normal operation; second, operation procedures and operation technical specifications shall be rigorously followed and observed to ensure that each nuclear generating unit is operated within the defined safety range, any deviations therefrom are detected and corrected in a timely manner, and any abnormal operation is controlled to prevent it from evolving into an accident; third, in case a deviation fails to be corrected in a timely manner, plant safety and protection systems shall be automatically activated upon occurrence of an accident within the design datum, and emergency operations shall be organized to prevent the situation deteriorating; fourth, in case an accident fails to be controlled effectively, accident handling procedures shall be activated with the accident management strategy enforced to ensure that the containment shall remain intact and no radioactive substances are released into the environment; and fifth, in the event of failure of the above-mentioned lines of defense, off-site emergency actions shall be immediately activated in an effort to minimize any impact from the accident on the public or the environment. Meanwhile, multiple physical barriers shall be set up to ensure that multiple lines of defense are in place to prevent and control release of radioactive substances into the environment. |
| 實行分級響應(yīng)。參照國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)核事故事件分級表，根據(jù)核事故性質(zhì)、嚴(yán)重程度及輻射后果影響范圍，確定核事故級別。核應(yīng)急狀態(tài)分為應(yīng)急待命、廠房應(yīng)急、場區(qū)應(yīng)急、場外應(yīng)急，分別對應(yīng)Ⅳ級響應(yīng)、Ⅲ級響應(yīng)、Ⅱ級響應(yīng)、Ⅰ級響應(yīng)。前三級響應(yīng)，主要針對場區(qū)范圍內(nèi)的應(yīng)急需要組織實施。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)或可能出現(xiàn)向環(huán)境釋放大量放射性物質(zhì)，事故后果超越場區(qū)邊界并可能嚴(yán)重危及公眾健康和環(huán)境安全時，進(jìn)入場外應(yīng)急，啟動Ⅰ級響應(yīng)。 | Exercising a tiered response scheme. The level of a nuclear accident shall be determined in accordance with the nature and seriousness of the accident and scope of effect from radiation, based on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) guidelines of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The nuclear emergency preparedness condition is divided into Emergency Standby, Building Emergency, On-Site Emergency and Off-Site Emergency, which respectively correspond to Level IV response, Level III response, Level II response and Level I response. The first three levels of response mainly focus on the organization and implementation of emergency actions within the site. Off-Site Emergency shall be announced with its corresponding Level I response activated upon occurrence of release or possible release of a large quantity of radioactive substances into the environment in which accident consequences have crossed boundaries of the site, with the possibility of seriously jeopardizing public health and environmental safety. |
| 部署響應(yīng)行動。核事故發(fā)生后，各級核應(yīng)急組織根據(jù)事故性質(zhì)和嚴(yán)重程度，實施以下全部或部分響應(yīng)行動。 | Deploying actions of response. Every level of nuclear emergency organization shall implement the following response actions in whole or in part depending upon the nature and seriousness of the accident: |
| ——迅速緩解控制事故。立即組織專業(yè)力量、裝備和物資等開展工程搶險，緩解并控制事故，努力使核設(shè)施恢復(fù)到安全狀態(tài)，防止或減少放射性物質(zhì)向環(huán)境釋放。 | -- Mitigating and controlling the accident in a timely manner. A professional force, equipment and supplies shall be thrown into immediate engineering emergency measures to mitigate and control any accident in an attempt to bring the relevant nuclear installation back to a safe condition while preventing or minimizing the release of radioactive substances into the environment. |
| ——開展輻射監(jiān)測和后果評價。在事故現(xiàn)場和受影響地區(qū)開展放射性監(jiān)測以及人員受照劑量監(jiān)測等。實時開展氣象、水文、地質(zhì)、地震等觀（監(jiān)）測預(yù)報。開展事故工況診斷和釋放源項分析，研判事故發(fā)展趨勢，評價輻射后果，判定受影響區(qū)域范圍。 | -- Conducting radiation monitoring and consequence assessment. Radiation monitoring shall be conducted at the site of the accident and areas affected and doses possibly absorbed by personnel shall be measured. Observation/surveillance and forecast on meteorological, hydrological, geological and seismic impacts shall be provided on a real-time basis. The accident conditions shall be diagnosed and substances released shall be analyzed to determine the accident evolution trend, evaluate radiation consequences and define the areas affected. |
| ——組織人員實施應(yīng)急防護(hù)行動。當(dāng)事故已經(jīng)或可能導(dǎo)致碘放射性同位素釋放，由專業(yè)組織及時安排一定區(qū)域內(nèi)公眾服用穩(wěn)定碘，以減少甲狀腺的受照劑量。適時組織受輻射影響地區(qū)人員采取隱蔽、撤離、臨時避遷或永久遷出等應(yīng)急防護(hù)措施，避免或減少受到輻射損傷。及時開展心理援助，撫慰社會公眾情緒，減輕社會恐慌。 | -- Organizing personnel to implement emergency protection actions. If radioactive isotope of iodine has already been released or may be released arising from an accident, a professional team shall organize the public within a given area to take stable iodine pills to minimize radiation exposure to the thyroid gland. The people in the affected area shall be duly organized to take emergency protection measures deemed necessary, including hiding, evacuating, seeking temporary shelter or permanently moving out in order to prevent or minimize injuries from radiation exposure. Psychological assistance shall be provided in a timely manner to minimize social anxiety and panic. |
| ——實施去污洗消和醫(yī)療救治。由專業(yè)人員去除或降低人員、設(shè)備、場所、環(huán)境等放射性污染。組織核應(yīng)急醫(yī)學(xué)救援力量實施醫(yī)學(xué)診斷、分類，開展醫(yī)療救治，包括現(xiàn)場緊急救治、地方醫(yī)院救治和后方專業(yè)救治等。 | -- Arranging decontamination and medical treatment. Professionals shall be dispatched to remove or minimize radioactive pollution affecting people, equipment, premises and the environment. A nuclear emergency preparedness medical rescue force shall be organized to perform medical diagnoses, case identification and medical treatment, including on-site first-aid treatment, local hospital treatment and backup professional treatment. |
| ——控制出入通道和口岸。根據(jù)受事故影響區(qū)域具體情況，劃定警戒區(qū)，設(shè)定出入通道，嚴(yán)格控制各類人員、車輛、設(shè)備和物資出入。對出入境人員、交通工具、集裝箱、貨物、行李物品、郵包快件等實施放射性污染檢測與控制。 | -- Controlling access passages and ports. Zones shall be demarcated according to the areas affected and strict control shall be enforced over the passage of people, vehicles, equipment and supplies in and out of the designated passages. People, vehicles, cargo containers, goods, travelers' belongings and parcels moving in or out of the border checkpoints shall be screened for radiation detection and control. |
| ——加強(qiáng)市場監(jiān)管與調(diào)控。針對受事故影響地區(qū)市場供應(yīng)及公眾心理狀況，及時進(jìn)行重要生活必需品的市場監(jiān)管和調(diào)控。禁止或限制受污染食品和飲用水的生產(chǎn)、加工、流通和食用，避免或減少放射性物質(zhì)攝入。 | -- Strengthening market supervision and regulation. Necessities shall be subject to market supervision and regulation in a timely manner in line with the supply of market and the public psych in the areas affected. Manufacturing, processing, circulation and consumption of contaminated food and drinking water shall be banned or limited, so as to prevent or minimize the intake of radioactive substances. |
| ——維護(hù)社會治安。嚴(yán)厲打擊借機(jī)傳播謠言、制造恐慌等違法犯罪行為。在群眾安置點、搶險救援物資存放點等重點地區(qū)，增設(shè)臨時警務(wù)站，加強(qiáng)治安巡邏。強(qiáng)化核事故現(xiàn)場等重要場所警戒保衛(wèi)，根據(jù)需要做好周邊地區(qū)交通管制等工作。 | -- Maintaining social order. Illegal or criminal acts, such as spreading rumors to create panic, shall be dealt with rigorously. Additional makeshift police posts shall be established to reinforce security patrols in important locations such as settlement sites and storage places for rescue supplies. Security for important premises such as the site of the nuclear accident shall be enhanced, and traffic control in the surrounding areas shall be properly coordinated according to actual needs. |
| ——發(fā)布權(quán)威準(zhǔn)確信息。參照國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)做法，根據(jù)中國法律法規(guī)，由國家、省（區(qū)、市）和核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位適時向社會發(fā)布準(zhǔn)確、權(quán)威信息，及時將核事故狀態(tài)、影響和社會公眾應(yīng)注意的事項、需要個人進(jìn)行防護(hù)的措施告知公眾，確保信息公開、透明。 | -- Releasing accurate official information. Accurate and official information shall be duly published to the public by the central, provincial (regional or municipal) governments and operators of nuclear installations in accordance with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) practice, and the laws and regulations of China to ensure that information with respect to nuclear accident status, effects on the public and individual protection measures shall be disclosed to the public in an open, transparent and timely manner. |
| ——做好國際通報與申請援助。按照國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)《及早通報核事故公約》要求，做好向國際社會的通報。按照國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)《核事故或輻射緊急情況援助公約》要求，視情向國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)和國際社會申請核應(yīng)急救援。 | -- Doing well in notifying the international community and requesting for help. Notification shall be given to the international community in accordance with the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident of the IAEA. Request for assistance shall be made to the IAEA and the world community in accordance with the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency of the IAEA, depending upon the actual situation. |
| 建立健全國家核應(yīng)急技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。建立包括設(shè)置核電廠應(yīng)急計劃區(qū)、核事故分級、應(yīng)急狀態(tài)分級、開展應(yīng)急防護(hù)行動、實施應(yīng)急干預(yù)原則與干預(yù)水平等完整系統(tǒng)的國家核應(yīng)急技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系，為組織實施核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)提供基本技術(shù)指南。 | Establishing a robust system of technical standards for national nuclear emergency preparedness. A complete system of technical standards for national nuclear emergency preparedness shall be established, and it covers the standards for classification of nuclear power plant emergency planning zones, nuclear accidents and emergency status, implementation of emergency protection actions, and definition of emergency intervention principles and levels of intervention, so as to provide a primary technical guideline for the implementation of nuclear emergency preparedness and response. |
| 加強(qiáng)應(yīng)急值班。建立核應(yīng)急值班體系，各級核應(yīng)急組織保持24小時值班備勤。在國家核事故應(yīng)急辦公室設(shè)立核應(yīng)急國家聯(lián)絡(luò)點，負(fù)責(zé)核應(yīng)急值班，及時掌握國內(nèi)核設(shè)施情況，保持與國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)信息暢通。 | Strengthening emergency on-duty system. An emergency on-duty system shall be established to ensure that each level of nuclear emergency organization stays on-duty 24 hours a day. National contact points for nuclear emergency preparedness under the national nuclear accident emergency office shall be on duty for nuclear emergency preparedness to collect information about domestic nuclear installations and keep the IAEA updated. |
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| 六、核應(yīng)急演習(xí)演練、培訓(xùn)與公眾溝通 | VI. Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Exercises, Drills, Training and Public Communication |
| 中國高度重視核應(yīng)急演習(xí)演練，切實加強(qiáng)專業(yè)培訓(xùn)，注重公眾溝通，不斷提高各級核應(yīng)急組織應(yīng)對處置嚴(yán)重核事故的能力水平，普及社會公眾核安全應(yīng)急知識，營造促進(jìn)核能發(fā)展良好環(huán)境，樹立全社會對發(fā)展核能事業(yè)信心。 | China attaches great importance to nuclear emergency preparedness exercises, drills, training and public communication, and continuous efforts have been made to enhance the capabilities of nuclear emergency preparedness organizations at various levels to cope with nuclear accidents, popularize knowledge of nuclear safety and emergency preparedness, create an environment conducive to facilitating nuclear energy development and build society-wide confidence in the country's nuclear energy sector. |
| 組織實施核應(yīng)急演習(xí)。發(fā)布《核電廠核事故應(yīng)急管理條例》《突發(fā)事件應(yīng)急預(yù)案管理辦法》《突發(fā)事件應(yīng)急演練指南》《核應(yīng)急演習(xí)管理規(guī)定》等規(guī)章，明確規(guī)定國家核應(yīng)急演習(xí)方針原則、組織機(jī)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容形式、分類頻次、保障準(zhǔn)備、實施程序等。適應(yīng)核能發(fā)展需要，定期舉行全國性核應(yīng)急聯(lián)合演習(xí)；相關(guān)省（區(qū)、市）每2年至4年舉行一次本級場內(nèi)場外核應(yīng)急聯(lián)合演習(xí)；核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位每2年組織一次綜合演習(xí)，每年組織多種專項演習(xí)，擁有3臺以上運(yùn)行機(jī)組的演習(xí)頻度適當(dāng)增加；核電站首次裝投料前，所在地省級核應(yīng)急管理機(jī)構(gòu)組織場內(nèi)場外聯(lián)合演習(xí)。近年來，先后組織代號為“神盾—2009”“神盾—2015”的國家核應(yīng)急聯(lián)合演習(xí)，參演規(guī)模近6000人，日本、韓國、法國、巴基斯坦、國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)等派出官員、專家觀摩。 | Organizing nuclear emergency preparedness exercises. The policies and principles, organization, formats, classifications, frequency, safeguard preparation and implementation procedures for China's nuclear emergency preparedness have been clearly defined in such documents as Regulations on Emergency Measures for Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants, Contingency Measures for Unexpected Events, Guideline on Emergency Exercises for Unexpected Events and Regulations on Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Exercises. To cater to the needs of nuclear energy development, national-level nuclear emergency preparedness joint exercises shall be conducted on a regular basis; provincial-level on-site and off-site joint exercises for nuclear emergency preparedness shall be conducted once every two to four years by the relevant provinces (autonomous regions or centrally administered municipalities); operators of nuclear installations shall conduct comprehensive exercises once every two years and special exercises for different purposes every year, with higher frequency for those which have three or more generating units. Prior to the initial fuel loading, an on-site and off-site joint exercise shall be organized by the provincial-level nuclear emergency management organization where the relevant nuclear power plant is located. National-level nuclear emergency joint exercises with the code names "Shendun-2009" and "Shendun-2015" have been conducted and observed by officials and experts fromJapan, ROK,France,Pakistanand theIAEA, involving the participation of about 6,000 persons on the two occasions. |
| 建立三級核應(yīng)急培訓(xùn)制度。國家核應(yīng)急管理機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)全國核應(yīng)急管理人員培訓(xùn)，省（區(qū)、市）核應(yīng)急管理機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)本行政區(qū)域內(nèi)核應(yīng)急人員培訓(xùn)，核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位負(fù)責(zé)本單位核應(yīng)急工作人員專業(yè)技術(shù)培訓(xùn)。福島核事故以來，中國各級舉辦培訓(xùn)班110多期，培訓(xùn)近萬人次。目前，中國核應(yīng)急管理人員、專業(yè)技術(shù)人員均參加過不同級別、專業(yè)的培訓(xùn)。 | Establishing a three-level nuclear emergency preparedness training system. The state nuclear emergency preparedness management organization shall be in charge of training for nation-wide nuclear emergency preparedness management personnel; nuclear emergency preparedness management organizations at the provincial (regional and municipal) level shall be in charge of training for nuclear emergency preparedness personnel within their respective jurisdictions; operators of nuclear installations shall be in charge of providing professional skills training for their own staff in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. Since the Fukushima accident, China has organized more than 110 training sessions for different levels of nuclear emergency preparedness organizations, attended by a total of 10,000 people. China's nuclear emergency preparedness management personnel and technical professionals have all attended nuclear emergency preparedness trainings of different levels and disciplines. |
| 加強(qiáng)核應(yīng)急公眾溝通與信息發(fā)布。中國高度重視核應(yīng)急公眾溝通和信息發(fā)布，制定相關(guān)規(guī)定，明確公開透明、客觀真實、權(quán)威可信、科學(xué)通俗的工作原則。各級核應(yīng)急組織建立專門的核應(yīng)急宣傳隊伍，適時向全社會宣傳國家核能政策、核安全政策、核應(yīng)急政策，增加核能發(fā)展透明度，確保公眾享有核安全監(jiān)督權(quán)、核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)知情權(quán)。2013年以來，以“共筑核應(yīng)急核安全防線、共促核能事業(yè)科學(xué)發(fā)展”為主題，多次組織全國范圍核應(yīng)急宣傳活動，國內(nèi)外受眾面達(dá)到10億人次。2015年1月，利用中國核工業(yè)創(chuàng)建60周年契機(jī)，開展一系列面向國內(nèi)外的宣傳活動。2015年12月，組織媒體走進(jìn)中國核電企業(yè)，開展“助推核能發(fā)展、助力‘一帶一路’”采訪活動，向國內(nèi)外集中展示中國核電技術(shù)先進(jìn)性、核電安全可靠性、核電管理規(guī)范性、核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備充分性，產(chǎn)生了積極社會反響。各涉核企業(yè)、大專院校和有關(guān)團(tuán)體還以各種形式開展涉核科普宣傳活動，努力營造安全高效發(fā)展核能的良好氛圍。 | Reinforcing public communication and information disclosure about nuclear emergency preparedness. China attaches great importance to public communication and information disclosure regarding nuclear emergency preparedness by developing relevant regulations on the principles of transparency, objectivity, trustworthiness and scientific accuracy. Each level of nuclear emergency preparedness organization has established a special nuclear emergency preparedness publicity team to publicize national policies on nuclear energy, nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness to the public and to enhance transparency of nuclear energy development to ensure the public's right to supervise nuclear safety and access to information on nuclear emergency preparedness and response. Since 2013 a number of nationwide nuclear emergency preparedness publicity activities with the theme "Joining Efforts to Establish Defense on Nuclear Emergency and for Nuclear Safety, and to Foster the Scientific Development of Nuclear Energy Sector" have been held, arousing extensive attention both at home and abroad. In January 2015 publicity activities targeting domestic and foreign audiences were successively conducted by nuclear-related organizations to mark the 60th anniversary of the launch of China's nuclear industry. In December 2015 the domestic and foreign media were invited to visit Chinese nuclear power enterprises for the well-received campaign "Boosting Nuclear Energy Development for the One Belt and One Road Initiative," showcasing to Chinese audience the advanced nature of China's nuclear power technology, the safety and reliability of nuclear power, standardization of nuclear power management and adequacy of nuclear emergency preparedness, producing positive social repercussions. Nuclear-related enterprises, universities and colleges, and relevant organizations have conducted a variety of publicity activities in relation to the popularization of nuclear-related scientific knowledge in a bid to foster an atmosphere conducive to the safe and efficient development of nuclear energy. |
| 香港特別行政區(qū)、澳門特別行政區(qū)毗鄰廣東省，特區(qū)公眾和輿論關(guān)注內(nèi)地核能發(fā)展。1992年以來，粵港雙方針對廣東大亞灣和嶺澳核電站核應(yīng)急事宜達(dá)成多項共識。國家核應(yīng)急管理機(jī)構(gòu)多次與廣東省、香港特別行政區(qū)政府組織宣介會，不斷充實粵港核應(yīng)急合作機(jī)制內(nèi)容，完善粵港核應(yīng)急交流平臺，及時回應(yīng)公眾關(guān)切，消除疑慮。中央政府有關(guān)部門還有針對性地與港澳地區(qū)相關(guān)部門聯(lián)合開展各領(lǐng)域?qū)I(yè)培訓(xùn)，提高當(dāng)?shù)厝藛T專業(yè)水平，為保持香港、澳門繁榮穩(wěn)定作出積極貢獻(xiàn)。 | As the Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions (SAR) are adjacent to Guangdong Province, the public in Hong Kong and Macao pay close attention to the nuclear energy development in China's mainland. Since 1992 Guangdong Province and the Hong Kong SAR have reached consensus on a number of issues in relation to nuclear emergency preparedness associated with the Daya Bay and Ling Ao nuclear power plants in Guangdong. The state nuclear emergency management organ has, on more than one occasion, organized promotional activities in conjunction with Guangdong Province and the Hong Kong SAR to further enrich the contents of their collaborative mechanism on nuclear emergency preparedness, refine the communication platform for nuclear emergency preparedness between Guangdong and Hong Kong, and respond to public concerns in a timely manner to allay any misgivings. The relevant departments of the central government have held special training sessions focusing on various disciplines in conjunction with the departments concerned of Hong Kong and Macao SAR governments with a view to raising the professional level of the local public, therefore contributing positively to maintaining the prosperity and stability of both Hong Kong and Macao. |
| 核能安全利用是關(guān)系臺灣海峽兩岸人民生命財產(chǎn)安全的大事，兩岸雙方對此高度重視。2011年10月，海協(xié)會與臺灣海基會簽署《海峽兩岸核電安全合作協(xié)議》。在該協(xié)議框架下，兩岸建立核應(yīng)急事務(wù)聯(lián)系機(jī)制，在核電安全法規(guī)與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、核電廠事故緊急通報、核電廠環(huán)境輻射監(jiān)測、核電廠事故緊急應(yīng)變及準(zhǔn)備等領(lǐng)域不斷拓展交流與合作，取得積極成效。 | As the safe use of nuclear energy is a major issue bearing on the safety of both life and property of people across the Taiwan Straits, both sides of the Straits lay great store by it. In October 2011 the Association for Relations across the Taiwan Straits and Straits Exchange Foundation signed the Cross-straits Nuclear Power Safety Cooperation Agreement. Under the framework of this agreement, a communication mechanism has been put in place between the two sides across the Straits on nuclear emergency matters, and positive achievements have reaped in expanded exchange and cooperation in such areas as regulations and standards concerning nuclear power safety, emergency reporting on nuclear power plant accidents, environmental radiation monitoring for nuclear power plants, and emergency response and preparations for nuclear power plant accidents. |
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| 七、核應(yīng)急科技創(chuàng)新 | VII. Scientific and Technological Innovations in Nuclear Emergency Preparedness |
| 中國制定國家核應(yīng)急工作規(guī)劃，明確核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域科技創(chuàng)新目標(biāo)要求、體制機(jī)制、人才建設(shè)、主要任務(wù)、保障措施等，取得一批科技創(chuàng)新成果，部分成果達(dá)到國際先進(jìn)水平。 | China has worked out a national plan for nuclear emergency preparedness work, which has clearly defined the targets, mechanism, training of professionals, main tasks and safeguard measures for scientific and technological innovation in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. New achievements have been made, and some of them have even reached the international advanced level. |
| 核事故后果評價與決策支持系統(tǒng)開發(fā)。堅持技術(shù)引進(jìn)與自主創(chuàng)新相結(jié)合，中國有關(guān)院校和科研院所，在事故源項估算、風(fēng)場診斷與預(yù)報、氣載放射性擴(kuò)散、水體放射性擴(kuò)散、核輻射醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)急分類及救援、放射性劑量估算等技術(shù)領(lǐng)域取得成果，為國家核應(yīng)急決策提供了技術(shù)支持。 | Development of nuclear accident consequence evaluation and decision-making support system. By insisting on the combination of technology introduction and self-reliant innovations, China's relevant universities and R&D institutes have made achievements in such technological areas as accident source term estimation, wind field diagnosis and forecast, airborne radioactive material dispersion, radioactive material dispersion in water bodies, nuclear radiation medicine emergency classification and treatment, radioactive dose estimation, etc., which have provided technical support for the state in decision making related to national nuclear emergency preparedness. |
| 核應(yīng)急基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)研究。開展“華龍一號”反應(yīng)堆、AP1000反應(yīng)堆（美國先進(jìn)壓水堆）、EPR反應(yīng)堆（歐洲壓水堆）、高溫氣冷堆、快堆等三代、四代核電技術(shù)反應(yīng)堆核應(yīng)急技術(shù)與管理研究。針對多機(jī)組同時出現(xiàn)共模事故、內(nèi)陸核電站嚴(yán)重事故源項分析、跨地區(qū)核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備、核燃料循環(huán)設(shè)施應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備、核與輻射恐怖襲擊事件應(yīng)急處置等重大課題，持續(xù)開展研究，取得一批成果，促進(jìn)了中國核應(yīng)急基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)水平的整體增強(qiáng)。 | Basic research in nuclear emergency preparedness. Research in nuclear emergency preparedness technologies and management for third and fourth generation of nuclear power technologies, such as HPR1000, AP1000 (US Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor), EPR (European Pressurized Water Reactor), High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors and fast reactors has been carried out. Studies are continuing on important subjects such as simultaneous common-mode failure for multiple units, severe accident source term analysis for inland nuclear power plants, inter-regional nuclear emergency preparedness, nuclear fuel cycle facility emergency preparedness and emergency response to nuclear and radiological terrorist attacks, and some achievements have been made, uplifting as a whole the level of China's basic technologies concerning nuclear emergency preparedness. |
| 核應(yīng)急專用裝備研發(fā)。重點推進(jìn)核應(yīng)急輻射監(jiān)測、輻射防護(hù)、醫(yī)學(xué)救援、去污洗消等裝備研發(fā)和系統(tǒng)集成。自主研制車（船）載巡測設(shè)備、航空輻射監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)、輻射監(jiān)測與事故響應(yīng)機(jī)器人等裝備設(shè)備，以及車（船）載核應(yīng)急指揮系統(tǒng)、核應(yīng)急醫(yī)學(xué)分類及監(jiān)測平臺、醫(yī)療支援系統(tǒng)等，并已裝備各級核應(yīng)急救援隊。中國海關(guān)使用的門戶式輻射探測設(shè)備全部由國內(nèi)企業(yè)自主研發(fā)制造。 | Research and development of nuclear emergency special equipment. Priority is given to the R&D (research and development) and SI (system integration) of equipment for nuclear emergency radiation monitoring, radiation protection, medical treatment and decontamination. Independently developed equipment includes vehicle (vessel)-mounted detection equipment, aviation radiation monitoring system, radiation monitoring and accident response robots and vehicle (vessel)-mounted nuclear emergency command system, and nuclear emergency medical assorting and monitoring platform and medical support system. Each level of nuclear emergency rescue team is equipped with such equipment and systems. All gate-frame walk-through radiation detectors used by China Customs are developed by domestic enterprises. |
| 核應(yīng)急信息化技術(shù)研究。開展核應(yīng)急數(shù)據(jù)采集和傳輸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究，建立健全全國核應(yīng)急資源管理系統(tǒng)。研發(fā)核應(yīng)急指揮信息化系統(tǒng)，創(chuàng)新核應(yīng)急預(yù)案模塊化、響應(yīng)流程智能化、組織指揮可視化、輔助決策科學(xué)化等技術(shù)，實現(xiàn)日常管理與應(yīng)急響應(yīng)一體化，提高了核應(yīng)急響應(yīng)能力和組織指揮效率。 | Research in nuclear emergency preparedness information technology. Studies on the standardization of nuclear emergency preparedness data collection and transfer have been conducted, and a nationwide nuclear emergency preparedness resources management system has been established and efforts are constantly made to improve it. Development of a nuclear emergency preparedness information system, innovative modularization of nuclear emergency preparedness plan, automation of response process, visualization of organization and command and auxiliary scientific decision-making have led to the integration of routine management with emergency response, which has also helped enhance nuclear emergency preparedness response capabilities and organizational efficiency. |
| 核應(yīng)急醫(yī)療救治技術(shù)研究。開展急性放射損傷診治等技術(shù)研究，制定急性放射損傷診斷與治療方案和救治指南。開展核輻射突發(fā)事件醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)急關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究及其推廣應(yīng)用研究，研制適用于廣大人群的核輻射事故生物劑量快速估算方法，優(yōu)化重度、極重度急性骨髓型放射病患者的非清髓造血干細(xì)胞、間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞（MSC）聯(lián)合移植救治模式，在放射病治療中實現(xiàn)多項突破，以最大程度減少核輻射事故引起的人員傷亡。持續(xù)開展系統(tǒng)的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞治療核輻射損傷的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究，創(chuàng)建了MSC聯(lián)合造血干細(xì)胞治療重度放射病的治療新方案，其研究成果“成體干細(xì)胞救治放射損傷新技術(shù)的建立與應(yīng)用”項目獲得該領(lǐng)域首個國家科技進(jìn)步一等獎。軍隊醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)研究創(chuàng)建了“三級處置、四級救治”體系化核應(yīng)急醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)急救援能力建設(shè)模式。 | Research in nuclear emergency preparedness medical treatment technology. Research on the technology of diagnosis and treatment for acute radiation injuries has been carried out, and guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and rescue for acute radiation injuries have been developed. Key technical and promotional application research in unexpected nuclear radiation events has resulted in the development of methods for rapid biological dose assessment for nuclear radiation accidents applicable for the general public, which has helped optimize non-myeloablative stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) combined transplantation treatment for severe and extremely severe bone marrow acute radiation patients. A number of breakthroughs in the treatment of radiation diseases have been achieved, leading to a reduction of casualties of nuclear radiation accidents to the maximum extent. With primary and clinical research on the treatment of radiation injuries by use of mesenchymal stem cells, a new therapy using transplantation of combined MSC and hematopoietic stem cells for severe radiation sickness has been created. The research achievement "Establishment and Application to Treat Radiation Diseases by Using Somatic Stem Cells" won a first prize for national science and technology improvement. A "three-level handling and four-level treatment" systemized nuclear emergency medical rescue capabilities development model has been developed by China's military medical research organizations. |
| 公眾風(fēng)險溝通和心理援助研究。開展核突發(fā)事件（事故）情況下大范圍公眾群體危機(jī)心理援助技術(shù)研究，構(gòu)建相關(guān)心理干預(yù)模型，提出應(yīng)對預(yù)案、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和實施指南。針對核輻射特點，研究編制核事故公眾防護(hù)問與答、核與輻射事故醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)急等面向社會公眾的應(yīng)用叢書。 | Research in public risk communication and psychological assistance. Research in mass psychological assistance techniques under circumstances of unexpected event (accident) has been conducted, and relevant psychological intervention models have been established, and countermeasures, criteria and implementation guidelines have been proposed. In view of the characteristics of nuclear radiation, Q&A publications in relation to nuclear accident protection and applied books on medical countermeasures in case of nuclear and radiological accidents geared toward the public have been compiled. |
| 核應(yīng)急環(huán)境氣象創(chuàng)新性研究。持續(xù)研發(fā)并建設(shè)完善中國氣象環(huán)境應(yīng)急響應(yīng)數(shù)值預(yù)報業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)。通過技術(shù)引進(jìn)和自主研發(fā)，改進(jìn)升級核及危險化學(xué)品泄漏氣象服務(wù)系統(tǒng)，完成大氣擴(kuò)散模式的精細(xì)化改進(jìn)，全球模式分辨率由原來的85千米左右提高到30千米，中尺度區(qū)域模式分辨率由15千米提高到10千米，實現(xiàn)了對污染物擴(kuò)散更加精細(xì)化模擬和預(yù)報。 | Innovative research in nuclear emergency environmental meteorology. A numerical prediction system of China's meteorological environmental emergency response is being developed and improved. Following the upgrading of the meteorological service system for nuclear and hazardous chemicals leakage and improvement of atmospheric dispersion modeling by way of technology import and self-reliant R&D, the global mode resolution has been enhanced to 30km from about 85km, and medium-scale model resolution has been enhanced to 10km from 15km, realizing a more detailed and precise simulation and prediction of pollutant dispersion. |
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| 八、核應(yīng)急國際合作與交流 | VIII. International Cooperation and Exchanges in the Field of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness |
| 中國是國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)成員國，始終致力于同各國一道推動建立國際核安全應(yīng)急體系，促進(jìn)各國共享和平利用核能事業(yè)成果，堅定不移支持和推進(jìn)核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域國際合作與交流。中國與國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)等國際組織在核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域開展多層次、全方位合作，與世界有關(guān)國家核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域合作與交流不斷拓展。 | As a member state of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), China has always been, along with the other members, dedicated to promoting the development of an international nuclear safety emergency system and the sharing of achievements resulting from the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and unswervingly supports and facilitates international cooperation and exchange in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. China has launched multi-level and all-round cooperation in respect of nuclear emergency preparedness with international organizations, including the IAEA, and is stepping up collaboration and exchange in the field of nuclear emergencies with relevant countries. |
| 積極加入相關(guān)國際公約。中國作為聯(lián)合國常任理事國、國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)理事國，高度重視融入國際核安全應(yīng)急體系。自1984年加入國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)以來，先后加入《核事故或輻射緊急情況援助公約》《及早通報核事故公約》《核材料實物保護(hù)公約》《不擴(kuò)散核武器條約》《核安全公約》《制止核恐怖主義行為國際公約》等國際公約。在這些公約機(jī)制內(nèi)，中國始終致力于同各國一道推動建立和平、合作、共贏的國際核安全應(yīng)急體系，充分發(fā)揮建設(shè)性作用。 | Actively acceding to relevant international conventions. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council and a member of the Board of Governors of the IAEA, China lays great store by integrating itself into the international nuclear safety emergency system. Since joining the IAEA in 1984, China has acceded to a number of international conventions, including the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Convention on Nuclear Safety, and International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. Under these conventions, China has always been committed to playing a constructive role in promoting the establishment of a peaceful, cooperative and mutually beneficial international nuclear safety emergency system in tandem with other countries. |
| 積極履行核應(yīng)急國際義務(wù)。中國支持國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)在促進(jìn)核能與核技術(shù)應(yīng)用、加強(qiáng)核安全、加強(qiáng)核應(yīng)急、實施保障監(jiān)督等領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用。中國積極履行有關(guān)國際公約規(guī)定的國際義務(wù)，響應(yīng)國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)理事會、大會提出的各項倡議。中國代表團(tuán)出席了歷次國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)組織的核應(yīng)急主管當(dāng)局會議和核安全公約履約大會，負(fù)責(zé)任地提交核應(yīng)急、核安全履約國家報告。多次參加國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)組織的公約演習(xí)活動。推薦中國核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域的專家學(xué)者數(shù)百人次參加國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)開展的工作，為全球核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域合作獻(xiàn)計獻(xiàn)策。2014年5月，中國加入“國際核應(yīng)急響應(yīng)與援助網(wǎng)絡(luò)”，為國際社會核應(yīng)急體系建設(shè)提供支持。 | Actively fulfilling international obligations regarding nuclear emergency preparedness. China supports the IAEA's leading role in the fields of promoting nuclear energy and nuclear technology applications, strengthening nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness, and implementing safeguard supervision. China actively undertakes the international obligations set out in the relevant international conventions, and responds to each initiative put forward by the Board of Governors and General Conference of the IAEA. Chinese delegations have attended all conferences on nuclear emergency preparedness and nuclear safety convention obligation compliance organized by the IAEA, and submitted national reports on nuclear emergency preparedness and compliance with nuclear safety obligations, taking a responsible attitude. China has also, on numerous occasions, participated in exercises sponsored by the IAEA within the framework of the conventions. In addition, China has made contributions in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness to the whole world by recommending hundreds of Chinese experts and scholars in this field to participate in the work of the IAEA. In May 2014 China joined the International Nuclear Emergency Response and Assistance Network - an act of support for the construction of the international nuclear emergency preparedness network. |
| 積極開展雙邊交流。1984年以來，中國先后與巴西、阿根廷、英國、美國、韓國、俄羅斯、法國等30個國家簽訂雙邊核能合作協(xié)定，開展包括核應(yīng)急在內(nèi)的合作與交流。中國同美國合作在華建設(shè)核安保示范中心，為地區(qū)乃至國際核安保技術(shù)交流合作提供平臺。在中美和平利用核能協(xié)定框架下，中國國家原子能機(jī)構(gòu)與美國能源部聯(lián)合舉辦核應(yīng)急醫(yī)學(xué)救援培訓(xùn)班、核應(yīng)急后果評價研討班等多種培訓(xùn)活動。在中俄總理定期會晤框架內(nèi)設(shè)立中俄核問題分委會機(jī)制，定期研討交流核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域合作與交流事宜。中國與法國建立中法核能合作協(xié)調(diào)委員會機(jī)制，與韓國建立中韓核能合作聯(lián)委會機(jī)制，定期開展相關(guān)活動。中國援助巴基斯坦建設(shè)核電站，在核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域開展廣泛深入的合作交流。 | Actively conducting bilateral exchanges. Since 1984, China has successively entered into bilateral agreements on nuclear energy cooperation with 30 countries, including Brazil, Argentina, the UK, the US, ROK,RussiaandFrance, and conducted cooperation and exchange which include nuclear emergency preparedness. China and the US have cooperated on the construction of the Center of Nuclear Security Excellence in China as a forum for technical exchange on nuclear security within the region and the rest of the world. Under the framework of the Sino-US agreement on the peaceful use of nuclear energy, the China Atomic Energy Authority (CAEA) and the US Department of Energy have jointly upheld a number of training activities, including a nuclear emergency medical rescue training program and a nuclear emergency consequence evaluation workshop. The Sino-Russian Sub-commission for Nuclear Issues was established within the framework of the Sino-Russian Prime Ministerial Regular Meeting, by which both sides conduct exchanges and cooperation in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness on a regular basis. Furthermore, China has been involved in relevant activities on a regular basis with France and ROK, establishing the Sino-French Commission on Nuclear Energy Cooperation and Coordination with France and Sino-Korean Joint Commission on Nuclear Energy Cooperation with ROK, respectively. In addition to assistingPakistanin building nuclear power stations, China has conducted extensive cooperation and exchanges with that country in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. |
| 積極拓展多邊合作。中國堅持合作共贏原則，與各國開展核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域合作與交流。中國國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人先后出席2010年華盛頓核安全峰會、2012年首爾核安全峰會、2014年海牙核安全峰會，呼吁國際社會加強(qiáng)核安全應(yīng)急管理、提升核安全應(yīng)急能力、增強(qiáng)各國人民對實現(xiàn)持久核安全、對核能事業(yè)造福人類的信心。中國國家原子能機(jī)構(gòu)以各種形式與國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)開展交流與合作，2014年7月，在福建舉辦“嚴(yán)重核事故下核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)”亞太地區(qū)培訓(xùn)班，為11個國家和地區(qū)的專家提供交流平臺；2015年10月，在首次全球核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)大會上，中國與90多個與會國家和10多個國際組織共同分享核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)的成就，介紹中國核應(yīng)急方針政策。中國通過亞洲核安全網(wǎng)絡(luò)、亞洲核合作論壇、亞太地區(qū)核技術(shù)合作協(xié)定等機(jī)制，在地區(qū)合作交流中積極發(fā)揮作用。中國于2004年1月正式加入世界衛(wèi)生組織輻射應(yīng)急醫(yī)學(xué)準(zhǔn)備與救援網(wǎng)絡(luò)。中國持續(xù)舉辦核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域國際學(xué)術(shù)交流活動。中日韓建立核事故及早通報框架和專家交流機(jī)制，定期開展相關(guān)領(lǐng)域合作與交流。 | Actively expanding multilateral cooperation. China conducts cooperation and exchange with other countries in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness, pursuing results that are beneficial to all involved. Chinese heads of state have appealed to the world community to strengthen nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness management, enhance nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness capabilities and boost the confidence of all peoples in achieving permanent nuclear security and the goal of nuclear energy benefiting mankind, at the 2010 Washington Nuclear Security Summit, 2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit and 2014 Hague Nuclear Security Summit. The CAEA andIAEAhave organized various forms of exchanges and cooperation, including "Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response under Circumstances of Severe Nuclear Accidents" training sessions for the Asia-Pacific Region held in July 2014 in China's Fujian, which served as a platform for exchanges among experts from 11 countries and regions. In October 2015, China shared its achievements in nuclear emergency preparedness and response with around 90 participating countries and a dozen international organizations, and briefed them China's policies concerning nuclear emergency preparedness at the First International Conference on Global Nuclear Emergency Preparation and Response. China plays an active role in regional exchange and cooperation through such mechanisms as the Asian Nuclear Safety Network (ANSN), Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia and Cooperation Agreement on Nuclear Technology in the Asia-Pacific Region. In January 2004, China officially joined the Radiation Emergency Medical Preparedness and Assistance Network of the World Health Organization (REMPAN). China itself has successively upheld international academic exchange activities in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. China,Japanand ROK have established a framework of early notification of nuclear accidents and a mechanism of expert exchange for cooperation and exchange in the relevant fields on a regular basis. |
| 積極開展應(yīng)對福島核事故合作交流。中國是日本的近鄰，對福島核事故尤為關(guān)切。在第一時間啟動核應(yīng)急響應(yīng)機(jī)制、開展本國應(yīng)對工作的同時，積極履行《核事故或輻射緊急情況援助公約》國際義務(wù)，向日本政府表明提供輻射監(jiān)測、醫(yī)療救護(hù)等援助的意愿。2011年5月，應(yīng)日本政府邀請，中國組織專家代表團(tuán)赴日本，就福島核事故進(jìn)行交流，提出處置意見建議。中國還選派權(quán)威專家參加國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)福島核事故評估團(tuán)，開展福島核事故影響評估。福島核事故發(fā)生后四年多來，中國政府機(jī)關(guān)、企事業(yè)單位、大專院校、科研院所，以各種形式與國際組織合作，總結(jié)探討后福島時代核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域重大問題。這些合作交流活動，既促進(jìn)了中國核應(yīng)急的改進(jìn)提高，也促進(jìn)了國際社會對福島核事故的經(jīng)驗反饋。 | Actively carrying out cooperation and exchange in response to the Fukushima nuclear accident. As a close neighbor of Japan, China was especially concerned about the Fukushima nuclear accident. It immediately activated its nuclear emergency preparedness and response mechanism and countermeasures, while expressing willingness to the Japanese government to offer radiation monitoring and medical aid by fulfilling its international obligations under the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. In May 2011, at the invitation of the Japanese government, China organized a delegation of experts to visit Japan to conduct focused exchanges with their Japanese counterparts on the Fukushima nuclear accident, and put forward suggestions for the handling of it. Furthermore, China dispatched senior experts to join the IAEA's Fukushima Nuclear Accident Assessment Team to evaluate the impact from the Fukushima accident. In the past four years or so since the Fukushima nuclear accident, Chinese government organs, enterprises and institutions, colleges and universities and R&D institutes have conducted various forms of collaboration with international organizations in summing up and discussing important issues in relation to post-Fukushima nuclear emergency preparedness. These activities not only have helped China improve its nuclear emergency work, but also have helped the international community in accessing experience feedback from the Fukushima nuclear accident. |
| 積極響應(yīng)國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)核安全行動計劃。福島核事故后，國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)布《核安全行動計劃》，為國際社會改進(jìn)核應(yīng)急工作提供借鑒。中國參考新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和理念，全面改進(jìn)國家核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)工作；充實增加國家核安全核應(yīng)急監(jiān)管力量和技術(shù)支持力量；全面檢查所有核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位核應(yīng)急工作，按照新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)完善應(yīng)急措施；加強(qiáng)頂層設(shè)計，進(jìn)行統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃，建立健全核應(yīng)急能力體系。中國堅持采用最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)、執(zhí)行最嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，全面提升核應(yīng)急管理，努力把核應(yīng)急提高到新水平。 | Actively responding to the IAEA's Action Plan on Nuclear Safety. The IAEA published the Action Plan on Nuclear Safety in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear accident to serve as reference for all countries in improving their respective nuclear emergency work. Consulting the new criteria and concepts, China has comprehensively improved its nuclear emergency preparation and response mechanism by enhancing supervision and technical support for national nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness, conducting inspections on nuclear emergency work of all operators of nuclear installations, perfecting emergency measures in accordance with the new criteria and strengthening top-tier design and planning to establish a robust nuclear emergency preparedness capabilities system. China is endeavoring to upgrade its nuclear emergency work to a new level by persisting in using state-of-the-art technology, upholding the most rigorous criteria and enforcing nuclear emergency management in a comprehensive manner. |
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| 結(jié)束語 | Conclusion |
| 貫徹創(chuàng)新、協(xié)調(diào)、綠色、開放、共享發(fā)展理念，堅定不移推進(jìn)核能事業(yè)發(fā)展，是中國的重要戰(zhàn)略選擇。發(fā)展核能事業(yè)的步伐不停止，加強(qiáng)核應(yīng)急的步伐就不會停止。中國將不斷加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)核應(yīng)急工作，為核能事業(yè)安全高效、持續(xù)健康發(fā)展提供堅強(qiáng)保障。 | China will continue to press forward with the development of nuclear energy as an important strategic choice for promoting economic and social development in line with the ideas of innovation, coordination, greening, openness and shared development. As long as China continues to develop nuclear energy, it will never relent in its efforts to further strengthen its nuclear emergency preparedness. China will spare no effort to improve this work on a continuing basis to provide a robust bulwark in support of the safe, efficient, sustainable and healthy development of the nuclear energy sector. |
| 在未來，中國將堅持總體國家安全觀和理性、協(xié)調(diào)、并進(jìn)的核安全觀，多措并舉，綜合施策，不斷增強(qiáng)核安全應(yīng)急能力，扎實做好核應(yīng)急工作。堅持發(fā)展與安全并重，以安全為前提發(fā)展核能事業(yè)，使核應(yīng)急與核能發(fā)展協(xié)調(diào)并進(jìn)；堅持能力與需求匹配，適應(yīng)核能事業(yè)發(fā)展要求，不斷提升核應(yīng)急能力，確保核應(yīng)急響應(yīng)及時有效；堅持國內(nèi)與國際交流，繼續(xù)深化核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域國際合作，推進(jìn)建立面向未來的國際核安全應(yīng)急體系，國際社會共享和平利用核能事業(yè)成果；堅持當(dāng)前與長遠(yuǎn)兼顧，著眼中國和世界核能事業(yè)發(fā)展大勢，前瞻謀劃核應(yīng)急工作，確保籌劃在先、準(zhǔn)備在先、預(yù)防在先，增強(qiáng)主動性、掌握主動權(quán)。 | In future, while adhering to the concept of overall national security and the nuclear safety concept of rational, coordinated and tandem development, China will take multiple and comprehensive measures to enhance its nuclear safety emergency capabilities and ensure its nuclear emergency preparedness at all times. China will continue to place equal emphasis on development and safety, and develop nuclear energy on the premise of safety, strengthen coordinated improvement in nuclear emergency preparedness and nuclear energy development to ensure that each and every action item of nuclear emergency preparedness is fully implemented. China will persist in matching capacity to demand, meet the requirements of nuclear energy development in terms of situation and tasks, continuously enhance its national nuclear emergency capabilities, and ensure that its nuclear emergency response is timely and effective. Meanwhile, China will persist in domestic and international exchange by continuing to deepen international cooperation in respect of nuclear emergency preparedness to promote the establishment of an international nuclear safety emergency preparedness system with an eye to the future, and share with the international community its achievements in the peaceful use of nuclear energy. China will persist in giving equal attention to present and long-term development, keep in perspective the megatrends of nuclear energy development at home and abroad, plan nuclear emergency preparedness in a forward-looking manner, and ensure that efforts in respect of planning, preparation and prevention are made in advance so that we can always take the initiative in case of any emergencies. |
| 中國的發(fā)展離不開世界，世界的發(fā)展也離不開中國。中國將積極參與構(gòu)建國際核安全應(yīng)急體系，與國際社會一道，共同解決核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域面臨的重大課題。中國有信心、有能力不斷提升核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)水平，為實現(xiàn)持久核安全、實現(xiàn)核能事業(yè)造福人類作出貢獻(xiàn)。 | China cannot develop in isolation from the rest of the world, nor can the world enjoy prosperity without China. China will take an active part in constructing an international nuclear safety emergency system, and join hands with the nations of the rest of the world to tackle the important issues facing nuclear emergency preparedness. China has the confidence and ability to enhance its nuclear emergency preparedness and responses to realize permanent nuclear safety and achieve the goal of nuclear energy benefiting mankind. |
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