【中英文對照】2015年美國的人權紀錄（全文）
發(fā)布時間：2016-04-15 16:14:07 | 來源：中國網(wǎng) | 作者： | 責任編輯：李瀟| 國務院新聞辦公室14日發(fā)表《2015年美國的人權紀錄》，回應美國政府發(fā)布的“國別人權報告”。全文如下： | The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China published a report titled "Human Rights Record of the United States in 2015" on Thursday. Following is the full text of the report: |
| 2015年美國的人權紀錄 中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室 2016年4月 | Human Rights Record of the United States in 2015 State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China April 2016 |
| 目 錄 | Contents |
| 導言 | Foreword |
| 一、公民權利遭到肆意侵犯 | I. Wanton Infringement on Civil Rights |
| 二、政治權利無法得到應有保障 | II. Political Rights Not Safeguarded |
| 三、經(jīng)濟和社會權利難以有效實現(xiàn) | III. Economic and Social Rights under Challenge |
| 四、種族歧視變本加厲 | IV. Racial Discrimination Worse Than Ever |
| 五、婦女和兒童權利堪憂 | V. Missing Rights for Women and Children |
| 六、粗暴侵犯他國人權 | VI. Gross Violations of Human Rights in Other Countries |
| 導言 | Foreword |
| 美國國務院于當?shù)貢r間4月13日發(fā)布《2015年國別人權報告》，再一次對世界各國人權狀況妄加置評，而對自身存在的嚴重人權問題卻三緘其口，毫無反思之意。2015年的美國人權，不僅舊的問題未得到解決，而且新的問題不斷滋生。既然美國政府不肯拿起鏡子照照自己，那么也只好由別人來幫助完成了。 | On April 13 local time, the State Department of the United States released its country reports on human rights practices. It made comments on the human rights situation in many countries once again while being tight-lipped about its own terrible human rights record and showing not a bit of intention to reflect on it. In 2015, the United States saw no improvement in its existent human rights issues, but reported numerous new problems. Since the U.S. government refuses to hold up a mirror to look at itself, it has to be done with other people's help. |
| 關于2015年美國的人權紀錄，以下事實是鑿鑿在冊的。 | The following facts about the U.S. human rights situation in 2015 are supported by irrefutable records. |
| ——美國槍支管理失控，公民生命權受到嚴重威脅。槍擊案件頻發(fā)，是2015年美國留給世人最深刻的印象。截至2015年12月28日，當年共發(fā)生槍擊事件51675起，造成13136人死亡、26493人受傷。 | -- The use of guns was out of control in the United States, which severely threatened citizens' right of life. The frequent occurrence of shooting incidents was the deepest impression left to the world concerning the United States in 2015. There were a total of 51,675 gun violence incidents in the United States in 2015 as of December 28, leaving 13,136 killed and 26,493 injured. |
| ——美國警察暴力執(zhí)法，公民人身安全無法保障。截至2015年12月24日，警察當年共射殺965人，警方濫用權力的行為并未得到應有的追究。巴爾的摩暴發(fā)了“為弗雷迪伸張正義”的抗議活動，芝加哥市民為麥克唐納之死舉行了大規(guī)模游行，明尼阿波利斯市的民眾因賈馬爾·克拉克被警察槍殺而包圍警察局。 | -- Citizens' personal security could not be guaranteed with the excessive use of violence by police. Police shot dead 965 people last year as of December 24, and the abuse of power by the police did not result in discipline. "Justice for Freddie" protests were staged in Baltimore, demonstrators in Chicago took to the street to demand justice in the death of Laquan MacDonald, and protesters in Minneapolis camped outside a police precinct after Jamar Clark was shot dead by police. |
| ——美國監(jiān)獄系統(tǒng)腐敗叢生，嚴重侵犯囚犯人權。佛羅里達州一所監(jiān)獄的獄警將患有精神疾患的囚犯達倫·萊尼在淋浴間活活燙死。美國最大的女子監(jiān)獄羅維爾監(jiān)獄的獄警逼迫數(shù)百名女囚賣淫以換取基本的生活物資和保護，在過去十年間已有57名囚犯死在了該監(jiān)獄。 | -- The prison system in the United States was plagued by corruption and severely violated inmates' human rights. The guards in a prison in Florida scalded a mentally-ill inmate Darren Rainey to death in hot shower. The guards in Lowell Correctional Institution, the nation's largest women's prison, pressured hundreds of female inmates to barter sex for basic necessities and a shield from abuse, and 57 inmates have died in this prison over the past 10 years. |
| ——美國金錢政治和家族政治大行其道，公民政治權利難以得到有效保障。企業(yè)和個人可以向超級政治行動委員會無限額捐款以影響美國大選，企業(yè)通過金錢影響政治并獲取巨額回報。有評論認為，美國的政治體系已被顛覆為向主要政治捐助者提供回報的工具。家族出身成為美國政治中的主導因素，少數(shù)家族和幕后利益集團用資金影響選舉。美國黨派之爭綁架民意，因為選舉利益導致民主黨與共和黨無法協(xié)調制定真正符合民意的政策。 | -- Money politics and clan politics were prevailing and the political rights of the citizens were not safeguarded effectively. Companies and individuals were able to donate an unlimited size to super Political Action Committees (super PACs) to influence the presidential election. In this way, corporations could use money to sway politics and reap tremendous returns. There were comments that the political system of the United States had been subverted to be a tool that provided returns to major political donors. Family pedigree had become a primary factor for U.S. politics, with a few families and behind-the-scenes interest groups influencing the election using funds. The popular will was abducted by factionalism in the United States, because the interests involved in election made it unable for the Democratic Party and the Republican Party to coordinate on and work out policies that were in line with the popular will. |
| ——美國社會問題嚴重，保障公民經(jīng)濟和社會權利困難重重。2014年有4670萬人處于貧困狀態(tài)。每年至少有4810萬人缺乏食物保障。2015年有超過56萬人無家可歸。79%的美國人相信更多人會掉出而不是上升到中產(chǎn)階級行列。如今，美國仍有3300萬人沒有醫(yī)療保險，4400萬受雇于私人部門的勞動者無法享受帶薪病假的權利，占私人部門勞動者總數(shù)的40%。 | -- The lingering problems in U.S. society posed challenges for the country to fulfill its duty of safeguarding the economic and social rights of U.S. citizens. In 2014, there were 46.7 million people in poverty in the United States. Every year, at least 48.1 million people were classed as "food insecure." In 2015, more than 560,000 people nationwide were homeless. Seventy-nine percent of Americans believed it was more common for people to fall out of the middle class than rise up to it. There were still 33 million people in the United States with no healthcare insurance, and 44 million private-sector workers, about 40 percent of the total, did not have access to paid sick leaves. |
| ——美國種族矛盾尖銳，種族關系處于近20年來最差時期。61%的美國人認為美國的種族關系糟糕。執(zhí)法司法領域是種族歧視的重災區(qū)。88%的非洲裔美國人相信自己受到警察不公正對待，68%的非洲裔美國人認為刑事司法體系存在種族歧視。非洲裔美國人擁有的財富僅為白人的十二分之一，拉美裔為十一分之一。有評論認為，對于許多非洲裔和拉美裔美國家庭而言，美國夢仍然遙不可及。 | -- Racial conflict was severe in the United States, with race relations at their worst in nearly two decades. Sixty-one percent of Americans characterized race relations in the United States as "bad." Law enforcement and justice fields were heavily affected by racial discrimination, with 88 percent of African-Americans believing they were treated unfairly by police, and 68 percent of African-Americans believing the American criminal justice system was racially biased. Whites had 12 times the wealth of blacks and nearly 10 times more than Hispanics. It was said that the American Dream remained out of reach for many African-American and Hispanic families. |
| ——美國婦女狀況不斷惡化，兒童成長環(huán)境堪憂。全職女性與全職男性2014年的年薪收入比為79∶100。過去十年內貧困婦女比例從12.1%上升至14.5%。國際勞工組織指出，美國是唯一沒有立法明確規(guī)定婦女帶薪產(chǎn)假的工業(yè)化國家。23%的大學本科女生遭受性騷擾或性侵犯。2015年每個月至少發(fā)生兩起校園槍擊案，幾乎每周都有兩個孩子遭受意外槍擊死亡，在美國15歲以上因傷死亡的青少年中有四分之一死于槍擊事件。約1740萬由單親媽媽撫養(yǎng)的兒童中45%生活在貧困線以下。約五分之一的兒童生活在食品保障不足的家庭。 | -- The situation for American women was deteriorating and children were living in worrisome environment. In 2014, women in the United States were paid 79 cents for every dollar paid to men. The percentage of women in poverty increased from 12.1 percent to 14.5 percent over the past decade. The United Nations' International Labor Organization said that the United States was the only industrialized nation with no overall law for cash benefits provided to women during maternity leave. A total of 23 percent of undergraduate women said they were victims of non-consensual sexual contact. There were at least two school shootings a month in 2015 and almost two children were killed every week in unintentional shootings. About a quarter of the teenagers above 15 years old who died of injuries in the United States were killed in gun-related incidents. About 17.4 million children under the age of 18 were being raised without a father and 45 percent lived below the poverty line. About one fifth of all U.S. children lived in food-insecure households. |
| ——美國仍在公然粗暴侵犯他國人權，視他國生命如草芥。美國在伊拉克和敘利亞的空襲行動炸死數(shù)千平民。美國在巴基斯坦和也門肆意開展無人機襲擊，造成數(shù)百平民死亡。美軍2015年10月3日對阿富汗昆都士“無國界醫(yī)生”組織醫(yī)院野蠻空襲，42人慘遭殺害。美國政府無視國際社會的強烈譴責，仍未關閉建立14年之久的關塔那摩監(jiān)獄，至今仍有近100人在被任意拘留多年且未經(jīng)審判的情況下繼續(xù)被羈押。 | -- The United States still brazenly and brutally violated human rights in other countries, treating citizens from other countries like dirt. Air strikes launched by the United States in Iraq and Syria killed thousands of civilians. The United States also conducted drone attacks in Pakistan and Yemen indiscriminately, causing hundreds of civilian deaths. On October 3, 2015, the U.S. military bombed a hospital operated by "Doctors Without Borders" in the city of Kunduz in Afghanistan, in which 42 people were killed. Defying international condemnation, the United States still did not close the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, which had been running for 14 years and still locked up nearly 100 people who had been under arbitrary detention for years without trial. |
| 一、公民權利遭到肆意侵犯 | I. Wanton Infringement on Civil Rights |
| 2015年，美國槍支犯罪猖獗，警察濫用暴力，監(jiān)獄腐敗嚴重，秘密監(jiān)控個人信息頻現(xiàn)，公民權利遭到肆意侵犯。 | Civil rights were wantonly infringed upon in the United States in 2015 with rampant gun-related crimes, excessive use of force by police, severe corruption in prisons and frequent occurrence of illegal eavesdropping on personal information. |
| 暴力犯罪威脅公民生命和財產(chǎn)安全。據(jù)美國聯(lián)邦調查局2015年發(fā)布的《美國犯罪報告》，2014年美國共發(fā)生暴力犯罪1165383起，平均每十萬居民中發(fā)生365.5起，其中謀殺案件14249起，強奸案件84041起，搶劫案件325802起，嚴重暴力傷害案件741291起；共發(fā)生財產(chǎn)犯罪案件8277829起，平均每十萬居民中發(fā)生2596.1起，被害人因財產(chǎn)犯罪遭受的損失超過143億美元。(注1)英國《經(jīng)濟學人》網(wǎng)站2015年12月1日刊文分析，美國一些城市的犯罪率大幅攀升，巴爾的摩和圣路易斯2015年上半年的謀殺率分別比去年同期增長了48%和59%。(注2)美國國家?guī)团裳芯恐行牡恼材匪埂ず劳栔赋觯绹^去5年幫派數(shù)量增長8%，幫派成員數(shù)量增長11%，與幫派相關的謀殺案增加23%。(注3) | Citizen's life and property security were threatened by violent crimes. According to the report "Crime in the United States" released by the FBI in 2015, an estimated 1,165,383 violent crimes occurred nationwide in 2014, of which 14,249 were murders, 84,041 were rapes, 325,802 robberies and 741,291 aggravated assaults. Nationwide, there were an estimated 8,277,829 property crimes, with the victims of such crimes suffering losses calculated at an estimated 14.3 billion U.S. dollars. The statistics showed the estimated rate of violent crime was 365.5 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants, and the property crime rate was 2,596.1 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants (www.fbi.gov). Many cities in the United States saw large jumps in crime during the first half of 2015: the murder rate rose 48 percent and 59 percent compared to the same period of the previous year in Baltimore and St. Louis, respectively, said an article carried by the Economist website on December 1, 2015 (www.economist.com, December 1, 2015). James Howell of the U.S. National Gang Center pointed out that in the past five years the United States had seen an 8 percent increase in the number of gangs, an 11 percent increase in members and a 23 percent increase in gang-related homicides (www.usnews.com, March 6, 2015). |
| 槍支泛濫造成公民生命權無法得到保障。統(tǒng)計顯示，美國有3億多人口，私人槍支保有量逾3億支。過去10年里，超過400萬美國人成為襲擊、搶劫和其他涉槍犯罪的受害者。據(jù)美國槍支暴力檔案室發(fā)布的《2015年槍支暴力傷亡統(tǒng)計》，截至2015年12月28日，美國當年共發(fā)生槍擊事件51675起，其中大規(guī)模槍擊事件329起；共造成13136人死亡、26493人受傷。(注4)美國聯(lián)邦調查局2015年發(fā)布的《美國犯罪報告》顯示，2014年美國發(fā)生的謀殺案件中有67.9%使用槍支，搶劫案件中有40.3%使用槍支，嚴重暴力襲擊案中有22.5%使用槍支。(注5) | Citizen's right of life could not be guaranteed with the rampant use of guns. Statistics showed that there were more than 300 million guns in the United States which had a population of more than 300 million. Over the past decade, more than 4 million U.S. citizens became victims of assaults, robberies and other gun-related crimes. According to a toll report by the Gun Violence Archive, there were a total of 51,675 gun violence incidents in the United States last year as of December 28, including 329 mass shootings. Altogether 13,136 were killed and 26,493 injured (www.gunviolencearchive.org, December 28, 2015). According to the report "Crime in the United States" released by the FBI in 2015, firearms were used in 67.9 percent of the nation's murders, 40.3 percent of robberies, and 22.5 percent of aggravated assaults in 2014 (www.fbi.gov). |
| 警察暴力執(zhí)法嚴重侵犯人權。美國警方在執(zhí)法過程中過度使用暴力，造成大量普通公民傷亡。據(jù)《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站統(tǒng)計，截至2015年12月24日，警察當年共射殺965人。(注6)巴爾的摩25歲非洲裔男子弗雷迪·格雷因警察暴力致死，引發(fā)了“為弗雷迪伸張正義”的抗議活動。(注7)射殺17歲非洲裔男孩麥克唐納的芝加哥警察，遲遲未被起訴，公眾為此舉行抗議游行。該警察之前曾遭20項投訴，未受到任何追究。(注8)美國全國廣播公司2015年11月19日報道，明尼阿波利斯市24歲的非洲裔男子賈馬爾·克拉克在已被警方控制的情況下被擊斃，民眾包圍警察局抗議示威，引發(fā)暴力沖突。(注9) | Excessive use of violence by police gravely violated human rights. Excessive use of violence by police during law enforcement had resulted in a large number of civilian casualties. Police shot dead 965 people last year as of December 24, according to data posted on The Washington Post website (www.washingtonpost.com, December 24, 2015). Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old African-American man, died while in police custody in Baltimore. His death, reportedly a result of violence by the police, sparked "Justice for Freddie" protests (www.usatoday.com, December 22, 2015). Outraged that it took too long to charge a Chicago police officer in African-American Laquan MacDonald's shooting death, demonstrators took to the street to demand justice in his death. The police officer had a history of 20 complaints before he gunned down the 17-year-old, but none resulted in discipline (edition.cnn.com, November 26, 2015). According to a report by the NBC News on November 19, 2015, protestors camped outside a police precinct in Minneapolis after African-American Jamar Clark, 24, was shot dead when he was already under police control. The demonstrations turned violent later (www.nbc.com, November 19, 2015). |
| 政府秘密監(jiān)控公民個人信息侵犯公民隱私。據(jù)《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2015年12月1日報道，美國聯(lián)邦調查局利用其特權強迫互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司未經(jīng)法庭批準向其提供用戶信息，包括全部的網(wǎng)絡瀏覽記錄。(注10)皮尤研究中心2015年5月29日發(fā)布的報告顯示，大多數(shù)美國人反對政府大規(guī)模收集公民信息，有三分之二的人認為政府在收集信息方面沒有足夠的限制，61%的人越來越懷疑政府相關計劃的目的，54%的人反對政府將收集電話和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息作為反恐的手段，74%的人不同意為了安全的目的放棄隱私權和自由，93%的人認為應對收集信息的人加以管控，90%的人認為應對收集何種私人信息的種類加強管控。(注11) | The government infringed on citizens' privacy by illegally eavesdropping personal information. According to a report carried by the website of The Washington Post on December 1, 2015, the FBI used special authority to compel Internet firms to hand over user information, including full browsing histories, without court approvals (www.washingtonpost.com, December 1, 2015). According to a report released by the Pew Research Center on May 29, 2015, a majority of Americans opposed the government collecting bulk data on its citizens, two-thirds believed there weren't adequate limits on what types of data could be collected, 61 percent said they had become less confident that the programs were serving the public interests, 54 percent of Americans disapproved of the U.S. government's collection of telephone and Internet data as part of anti-terrorism efforts, and 74 percent said they should not give up privacy and freedom for the sake of safety. Most said it was important to control who could get their information (93 percent), as well as what information about them was collected (90 percent) (www.pewresearch.org, May 29, 2015). |
| 獄警肆意踐踏囚犯人權。據(jù)《邁阿密先驅報》網(wǎng)站2015年12月連續(xù)報道，美國最大的女子監(jiān)獄羅維爾監(jiān)獄充斥著腐敗、酷刑和性虐待，獄警將數(shù)百名女囚視為妓女，逼迫她們賣淫以換取基本的生活物資、保護或獎勵。在過去十年間已有57名囚犯死在了該監(jiān)獄，該數(shù)字尚未包括被送往醫(yī)院的囚犯。(注12)《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2015年5月13日報道，費爾法克斯郡一所監(jiān)獄的獄警用電擊槍將女性精神病患者娜塔莎·麥肯娜殺害。(注13)福克斯新聞網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站2015年4月9日報道，佛羅里達州一所監(jiān)獄的獄警被控虐待和殺害囚犯，其中患有精神疾患的囚犯達倫·萊尼被強迫淋浴長達兩個小時，水溫高達華氏180度。他雖大聲求饒呼救，卻無人理睬，最后竟被活活燙死。(注14) | Prison guards wantonly trampled on prisoners' human rights. According to a serial report on the website of the Miami Herald in December 2015, Lowell Correctional Institution, the nation's largest women's prison, was haunted by corruption, torment and sex abuse. The guards took hundreds of female inmates as whores and pressured them to barter sex for basic necessities, a shield from abuse or awards. In the past 10 years 57 inmates died in the prison, not accounting those who make it to hospital (www.miamiherald.com, December 12, 13 and 16, 2015). The Washington Post reported on its website on May 13, 2015 that a guard in the Fairfax County jail killed a mentally ill woman, Natasha McKenna, with a Taser stun gun (www.washingtonpost.com, May 13, 2015). The Fox News reported on its website on April 9, 2015 that guards in a prison in Florida was accused of abusing and even killing inmates. In one case, a mentally-ill inmate Darren Rainey was forced to take a shower for two hours with the water reportedly rigged to a scalding 180 degrees Fahrenheit. Despite his calls for help, no one came. He reportedly died after his skin was partially burned off his body (www.foxnews.com, April 9, 2015). |
(注1) 美國聯(lián)邦調查局報告，見www.fbi.gov。 (注2) 英國《經(jīng)濟學人》網(wǎng)站（www.economist.com），2015年12月1日。 (注3) 《美國新聞與世界報道》網(wǎng)站（www.usnews.com），2015年3月6日。 (注4) 美國槍支暴力檔案室網(wǎng)站（www.gunviolencearchive.org），2015年12月28日。 (注5) 美國聯(lián)邦調查局報告，見www.fbi.gov。 (注6) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年12月24日。 (注7) 今日美國網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年12月22日。 (注8) 美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站（edition.cnn.com），2015年11月26日。 (注9) 美國全國廣播公司網(wǎng)站（www.nbc.com），2015年11月19日。 (注10) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年12月1日。 (注11) 皮尤中心網(wǎng)站（www.pewresearch.org），2015年5月29日。 (注12) 《邁阿密先驅報》網(wǎng)站（www.miamiherald.com），2015年12月12日、13日、16日。 (注13) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年5月13日。 (注14) 福克斯新聞網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站（www.foxnews.com），2015年4月9日。 | |
| 跳轉至目錄 >> | Back to Contents >> |
| 二、政治權利無法得到應有保障 | II. Political Rights Not Safeguarded |
| 2015年，美國金錢政治和家族政治變本加厲，選民的真實意愿難以有效表達，政治生活中存在事實上的信仰歧視，公民知情權受到進一步壓制。對此，美國前總統(tǒng)吉米·卡特發(fā)出“美國已經(jīng)不再是民主國家了”的感慨。(注15) | In 2015, money politics and clan politics went from bad to worse in the nation where voters found it hard to express their real volition and there was discrimination against belief in political life. In addition, citizens' right to information was further suppressed. Unsurprisingly, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter said that "the U.S. is no longer a democracy" (www.huffingtonpost.com, August 3, 2015). |
| 金錢政治暴露民主虛偽性。美國法律對個人向總統(tǒng)候選人捐款數(shù)額作了限制，但對個人和企業(yè)向超級政治行動委員會捐款沒有限制。《今日美國》2015年4月10日報道，至少有11個總統(tǒng)候選人聯(lián)盟成立了超級政治行動委員會，借以籌集無限額捐款支持競選。(注16)總統(tǒng)候選人和超級政治行動委員會僅用半年時間，就籌集到3.8億美元，其中60多筆100萬美元以上的捐款占三分之一，一半捐款來自出資10萬美元以上的捐款人，67位出資最多的捐款人捐款總額是50.8萬名最小額捐助者的3倍還多。(注17)據(jù)美國財經(jīng)博客網(wǎng)披露，2007至2012年，在政治方面最為活躍的200家企業(yè)共耗費58億美元用于聯(lián)邦游說和競選捐款，而它們則從聯(lián)邦政府項目和支持中獲得4.4萬億美元的回報，占美國個人納稅者向聯(lián)邦政府所繳稅款的三分之二。這意味著，企業(yè)為影響美國政治的花費可以獲取760倍的回報。(注18)美國前總統(tǒng)吉米·卡特就此指出，無限額的政治賄賂成為提名總統(tǒng)候選人或當選總統(tǒng)的主要影響因素，“美國的政治體系已被顛覆為向主要政治捐助者提供回報的工具”。(注19)美國總統(tǒng)2016年國情咨文也承認金錢對政治的影響很大，稱“少數(shù)家族和幕后利益集團利用資金影響選舉”。 | Money politics revealed the hypocrisy in democracy. Although the laws of the United States put a lid on the size of individual donations to presidential candidates, there is no limit for such contributions to super PACs by individuals and corporations. The USA Today reported on April 10, 2015 that the allies of at least 11 White House hopefuls had launched committees to raise unlimited money to back their campaigns (www.usatoday.com, April 10, 2015). The presidential candidates and the super PACs raised about 380 million U.S. dollars in only half a year. More than 60 donations were worth more than 1 million U.S. dollars each, accounting for about one third of the total contributions. Half of the amount came from those who donated more than 100,000 U.S. dollars and the combined fund of the top 67 donors was more than three times that of 508,000 donors with least contributions (www.aol.com, August 1; www.politico.com, August 1). According to a report of the Zerohedge, between 2007 and 2012, 200 of America's most politically active corporations spent a combined 5.8 billion U.S. dollars on federal lobbying and campaign contributions. What they gave paled compared to what those same corporations got: 4.4 trillion U.S. dollars in federal business and support. Put that in context, the sum represented two thirds of what individual taxpayers paid into the federal treasury. For every dollar spent on influencing politics, the nation's most politically active corporations received 760 U.S. dollars from the government (www.zerohedge.com, March 16, 2015). Jimmy Carter said that with unlimited political bribery being the essence of getting the nominations for president or being elected president, the U.S. political system was subverted to be a payoff to major contributors (www.huffingtonpost.com, August 3, 2015). The role money played in politics was also indicated in the U.S. President's State of the Union Address for 2016, which said a handful of families and hidden interests were exercising influence on elections via their funds. |
| 家族政治左右美國選舉。在參加2016年美國總統(tǒng)選舉的候選人中，有多名參選人家族政治背景明顯。《紐約時報》通過大數(shù)據(jù)分析得出結論，“父輩優(yōu)勢”在政治領域明顯。美國總統(tǒng)的兒子成為總統(tǒng)的幾率比同齡人高140萬倍，州長的兒子成為州長的概率比普通美國人高6000倍，參議員子承父業(yè)的機會比普通美國男性高出8500倍。(注20)據(jù)《華盛頓郵報》2015年1月16日報道，自從共和黨建立以來，其8.7%的國會議員與前國會議員是近親。該報道還指出，美國總統(tǒng)競選充滿貴族繼承制的氣息：有可能入圍候選人名單的是州長和總統(tǒng)候選人的兒子，國會議員和總統(tǒng)候選人的兒子，總統(tǒng)的妻子和總統(tǒng)的兄弟，總統(tǒng)的兒子和參議員的孫子。(注21) | Clan politics was driving U.S. government elections. Among the candidates for the 2016 presidential election, more than one candidate was obviously related to clan politics. The New York Times concluded through big data analysis that advantages from father generation played a role in politics obviously. The chance for the son of a U.S. president to become president was 1.4 million times higher than his peers. Meanwhile the chance for a governor's son to be elected governor was 6,000 times higher than ordinary people. In addition, the chance for the son of a senator to be a senator like his father was also 8,500 times higher than ordinary U.S. men (www.nytimes.com, March 22, 2015). The Washington Post reported on January 16, 2015 that since the beginning of the Republic, 8.7 percent of its members of Congress were closely related to someone who had served in the body. The report continued to point out that a smell of heirship could be detected in the U.S. presidential election since the possible slate of candidates would include the son of a governor and presidential candidate, the son of a congressman and presidential candidate, the wife of a president and the brother of a president, son of a president and grandson of a senator (www.washingtonpost.com, January 16, 2015). |
| 信仰歧視使政治生活失去公平。在美國，不信仰上帝可能成為公職競選中的最大限制。不信仰基督教的人想贏得競選是非常困難的，而不信仰任何宗教的人想贏得競選則更加困難。據(jù)《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2015年9月22日報道，皮尤中心2014年5月的一次調查顯示，無神論被視為潛在總統(tǒng)候選人不合格的最重要因素，超過一半的人表示他們不太可能將選票投給一個不信仰上帝的人。同年7月的另一次調查顯示，在所有與宗教相關的群體中，無神論者和穆斯林被美國人予以最負面的評價。(注22) | Discrimination against beliefs led to unfairness in political life. Not believing in God could be the biggest disadvantage while running for a post in public office. It was difficult for those who were not Christians to win elections and for those who did not have a religious belief, the chance to win elections was slimmer. In a May 2014 Pew Research survey, atheism was the most disqualifying factor for a potential presidential candidate, according to a report posted on the website of The Washington Post on September 22, 2015. More than half of those surveyed said they would be less likely to vote for someone who did not believe in God. And another Pew poll in July 2014 found that of all religion-related groups, atheists and Muslims were viewed the most negatively by Americans (www.washingtonpost.com, September 22, 2015). |
| 公民選舉權受到進一步限制。據(jù)《美國新聞與世界報道》網(wǎng)站2015年8月4日披露，2010年以來，已經(jīng)有21個州通過了新的法律來限制投票權的行使，一些州縮短了提前投票時間，其他的州則限制了證明合法選民身份的有效文件的數(shù)量。有14個州將在2016年的總統(tǒng)大選中首次實施限制投票權行使的新措施。公民選舉權成為兩黨惡性競爭的犧牲品，有民主黨參選人指責共和黨參選人“系統(tǒng)和故意地”阻止數(shù)以萬計的美國人投票，以達到其競選獲勝的目的。(注23)《今日美國》網(wǎng)站2015年3月20日報道，美國2014年中期選舉的投票率為20世紀40年代以來的最低。全國的平均投票率為37%，最低為印第安納州，只有28.8%。(注24) | Citizens' electoral rights were further limited. According to an article on the website of the U.S. News and World Report on August 4, 2015, since 2010, a total of 21 states had adopted new laws to limit the exercise of suffrage. Some states shortened the time for early voting, while others limited the number of documents identifying one as a lawful voter. A total of 14 states will carry out fresh measures to limit the exercise of suffrage for the first time in 2016 presidential election. The voting rights were hit by the vicious competition between the two parties. One Democratic candidate accused GOP presidential candidates of having "systematically and deliberately" tried to keep millions of Americans from voting so as to win the election (www.usnews.com, August 4, 2015). A USA Today report, which was published on its website on March 20, 2015, said the nation had its lowest midterm-election voter turnout in 2014 since the early 1940s. The average turnout across the United States was 37 percent, with a low of 28.8 percent recorded in Indiana (http://www.usatoday.com, March 20, 2015). |
| 選民真實意愿難以得到有效表達。據(jù)《基督教科學箴言報》網(wǎng)站2015年12月13日分析，兩黨制迫使美國選民兩極分化，大多數(shù)選民并非真正支持所選擇的政黨，而是出于對另一政黨的擔心和恐懼作出無奈選擇。(注25)美國總統(tǒng)在2016年國情咨文中承認，現(xiàn)有劃分國會選區(qū)做法的結果是“政客選擇選民，而不是選民選擇政客”，“黨派間的積怨和猜疑未見減弱，反而變得更深”。 | It was difficult for voters to express their real will. The Christian Science Monitor carried a report on its website on December 13, 2015 that the two-party system forced the voters to take side. Most voters cast ballots for a party not because they supported the party but out of fear and worry over the other one (www.csmonitor.com, December 13, 2015). It was said in the U.S. President's State of the Union Address for 2016 that the practice of drawing congressional districts led to the situation where "politicians can pick their voters, and not the other way around." It went on to say that "the rancor and suspicion between parties has gotten worse instead of better." |
| 公民知情權遭受政府打壓。據(jù)美聯(lián)社2015年3月13日報道，美國政府正在削弱有關保障公民獲得信息權利的法律，公民獲取政府信息的系統(tǒng)遭受嚴重破壞，公民借助公共檔案向政府官員問責愈加困難。(注26)美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)2015年2月13日報道，記者和新聞監(jiān)管機構一直抨擊本屆美國政府為最不透明的政府之一。因對弗格森案的抗議，至少有15名新聞記者被捕。(注27) | Citizens' right to information was hampered by the government. According to a report by the Associated Press on March 13, 2015, authorities were undermining the laws that were supposed to guarantee citizens' right to information and the systems created to give citizens information about their government. In addition, it was getting harder to use public records to hold government officials accountable (www.ap.org, March 13, 2015). An article on the website of the CNN reported on February 13, 2015 that journalists and news supervision authorities had continually slammed the current U.S. administration as one of the least transparent. At least 15 journalists were arrested in Ferguson protests (edition.cnn.com, February 13, 2015). |
(注15) 《赫芬頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.huffingtonpost.com），2015年8月3日。 (注16) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年4月10日。 (注17) 美國在線網(wǎng)站（www.aol.com），2015年8月1日；politico網(wǎng)站（www.politico.com），2015年8月1日。 (注18) 美國財經(jīng)博客網(wǎng)（www.zerohedge.com），2015年3月16日。 (注19) 《赫芬頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.huffingtonpost.com），2015年8月3日。 (注20) 《紐約時報》網(wǎng)站（www.nytimes.com），2015年3月22日。 (注21) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年1月16日。 (注22) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年9月22日。 (注23) 《美國新聞與世界報道》網(wǎng)站（www.usnews.com），2015年8月4日。 (注24) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年3月20日。 (注25) 《基督教科學箴言報》網(wǎng)站（www.csmonitor.com），2015年12月13日。 (注26) 美聯(lián)社網(wǎng)站（www.ap.org），2015年3月13日。 (注27) 美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站（edition.cnn.com），2015年2月13日。 | |
| 跳轉至目錄 >> | Back to Contents >> |
| 三、經(jīng)濟和社會權利難以有效實現(xiàn) | III. Economic and Social Rights under Challenge |
| 2015年，美國在經(jīng)濟和社會權利保障方面缺乏實質性進步，工人為維護工作權利舉行大規(guī)模罷工，食物無保障者和無家可歸者數(shù)量龐大，公眾健康狀況堪憂。 | In 2015, no substantial progress concerning the economic and social rights of U.S. citizens were made. Workers carried out mass strikes to claim their rights at work. Food-insecure and homeless populations remained huge. Many U.S. people suffered from poor health. |
| 勞動者的工作權利未能得到有效保障。據(jù)半島電視臺美國頻道網(wǎng)站2015年10月6日報道，美國4400萬受雇于私人部門的勞動者無法享受帶薪病假的權利，占私人部門勞動者總數(shù)的40%。很多行業(yè)出現(xiàn)了大規(guī)模的罷工。2015年2月，加利福尼亞、得克薩斯、肯塔基和華盛頓州9個煉油廠的工人舉行罷工，抗議繁重的加班、不穩(wěn)定的崗位和危險的工作環(huán)境。(注28)2015年4月，230個城市的快餐店職員罷工，以爭取15美元的最低工資；11月，數(shù)百個城市的快餐店職員為此再次罷工并示威游行，全美7個主要機場的2000多名工作人員也進行了罷工以抗議過低的工資水平。(注29) | The rights of laborers at work were not effectively protected. On October 6, 2015, Al Jazeera America reported that about 40 percent of private-sector workers, or 44 million people in America, did not have access to paid sick leave. Large scale strikes in many industries were reported. In February 2015, workers at nine oil refineries in California, Texas, Kentucky and Washington states carried out strikes, protesting onerous overtime, unsafe staffing levels and dangerous conditions (america.aljazeera.com, February 2, October 6, 2015). In April, the same year, fast food workers walked off the job in 230 cities, staging a strike aimed at a minimum wage of 15 U.S. dollars. In November, they walked out in hundreds of cities for the same reason. About 2,000 workers at seven major U.S. airports went on strike in November to protest low wages (thinkprogress.org, April 15, 2015; www.usatoday.com, November 10, November 19, 2015). |
| 貧富差距懸殊。美國最窮的20%人口的收入僅占全民總收入的3.1%，而最富有的20%人口的收入占到51.4%。(注30)官方公布的2014年的貧困人口達到4670萬人。(注31)以特拉華州為例，生活在貧困線以下的人口由2013年的11.7%上升到了12.5%，其中威爾明頓市貧困線以下的人口占到了近25%，兒童的貧困率則高達20%左右。美國民眾對社會經(jīng)濟波動前景感到悲觀，79%的人相信更多人會掉出而不是上升到中產(chǎn)階級行列。(注32) | There was huge income gap between the rich and the poor. In the United States, 3.1 percent of income earned annually went to the poorest 20 percent of people, while 51.4 percent was earned by the richest 20 percent (www.usatoday.com, October 10, 2015). Official data showed that 46.7 million people were living in poverty in 2014. (www.census.gov). In Delaware, the percentage of people living below the federal poverty line in 2014 was 12.5 percent, creeping up from 11.7 percent in 2013. Nearly a quarter of residents of Wilmington, Delaware lived below the poverty line. The poverty rate for children was around 20 percent. U.S. people were pessimistic about the prospects of social and economic instability. Seventy-nine percent of Americans believed it was more common for people to fall out of the middle class than rise up to it (www.usatoday.com, June 9, November 23, 2015). |
| 食物無保障者規(guī)模龐大。據(jù)英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站2015年11月26日報道，2008至2014年間，美國每年至少有4810萬人被官方認定為“食物無保障者”，包括19.2%有孩子的家庭，這意味著他們的均衡飲食難以保障。(注33)據(jù)美國疾病控制與防治中心評估，每年有4800萬人會患上食源性疾病，其中12.8萬人需要住院治療，3000人因此喪命。(注34)根據(jù)美國農(nóng)業(yè)部的最新數(shù)據(jù)，大約五分之一的兒童生活在食品保障不足的家庭。(注35) | There was a large food-insecure population in the United States. According to a report published on the Guardian website on November 26, 2015, government statistics suggested that between 2008 and 2014 at least 48.1 million people a year were classed as "food insecure", including 19.2 percent of all households with children, meaning they could not always afford to eat balanced meals (www.theguardian.com, November 26, 2015). The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that each year, 48 million people suffered from a foodborne illness, resulting in 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths (www.pewtrusts.org, December 4, 2015). Approximately one fifth of all U.S. children lived in food-insecure households, according to the most recent data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (america.aljazeera.com, October 8, 2015). |
| 數(shù)十萬人無家可歸。《今日美國》網(wǎng)站2015年6月9日報道，美國近幾年住房價格快速上漲，而居民收入?yún)s停滯不前，55%的民眾不得不為住房付出更高代價。全美地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀商協(xié)會的報告指出，房租和家庭收入之間的差距已經(jīng)擴大到無法維持的水平。(注36)據(jù)美國住房和城市發(fā)展部的報告，截至2015年11月18日，全國超過56萬人無家可歸，其中包括25%的18歲以下兒童。(注37)以紐約為例，2015年10月共有59568名無家可歸者每天夜里在庇護所里度過，比2005年高出86%，其中包括14361個家庭和23858名兒童。露宿街頭的無家可歸者普遍面臨著缺乏如廁和洗澡場所等問題。(注38)洛杉磯、西雅圖、波特蘭和夏威夷州近年來都曾因無家可歸者增多而宣布進入緊急狀態(tài)。(注39) | Hundreds of thousands of U.S. people were homeless. A report published on the USA Today website on June 9, 2015 said housing prices had skyrocketed in the United States in recent years, while income levels remained stagnant. Fifty-five percent of Americans had made more financial sacrifice to afford their housing. According to a report by the National Association of Realtors, the gap between rental costs and household income had been widening to unsustainable levels (www.usatoday.com, June 9, July 31, 2015). A study by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) found that more than 560,000 people were homeless in the United States as of November 18, 2015. About one fourth of them were children under the age of 18 (www.hud.gov). In New York City, there were 59,568 homeless people, including 14,361 homeless families with 23,858 homeless children, sleeping each night in municipal shelters in October 2015, 86 percent higher than the number in 2005. People living on streets had no access to toilets or showers (www.pewtrusts.org, November 11, 2015). In recent years, Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland and the state of Hawaii have all recently declared emergencies over the rise of homelessness (www.presstv.ir, November 20, 2015). |
| 健康權保障不力。據(jù)美國政策創(chuàng)新研究所2015年9月18日發(fā)表的分析報告，盡管美國國會在2010年就通過了政府提出的醫(yī)療改革法案，承諾要建立全民醫(yī)保體系，但至今仍有3300萬人沒有醫(yī)療保險。(注40)美國醫(yī)療護理水平在11個發(fā)達國家中倒數(shù)第1，嬰兒死亡率最高。(注41)全國有超過6200個地方缺乏初級護理醫(yī)生。(注42)全國艾滋病感染者超過120萬人，其中八分之一的感染者并不知情。(注43)貧富群體的健康保障存在顯著差異。據(jù)法新社2015年10月14日報道，紐約市布魯克林區(qū)布朗斯維爾街區(qū)近40%的人生活在貧困線以下，其居民新感染艾滋病毒的比率為全紐約的2倍多，人均壽命比曼哈頓金融區(qū)的居民少11年。(注44) | Human right to health of U.S. people was not fully protected. According to a report of the Institute for Policy Innovation released on September 18, 2015, there were still 33 million people in the United States uninsured, although U.S. Congress had passed the health care reform bill in 2010, promising to establish a universal healthcare system (www.ipi.org, September 18, 2015). The United States was reported to have the worst medical care system and the highest number of infant mortalities out of 11 developed countries (borgenproject.org, August 23, 2015). There were more than 6,200 places nationwide with a shortage of primary care physicians (www.washingtonpost.com, December 12, 2015). Today, more than 1.2 million people in the United States were HIV-positive. About one in eight of those infected were unaware of their status (edition.cnn.com, December 9, 2015). There was a significant difference between the health conditions of the rich and the poor. According to an AFP report on October 14, 2015, in Brooklyn's poorest neighborhood of Brownsville, New York City, nearly 40 percent of its citizens lived below the federal poverty level. Brownsville suffered more than twice the rates of new HIV diagnoses in New York City. Its people died 11 years earlier than those living around Manhattan's financial district. (AFP, October 14, 2015). |
| 藥物濫用致死率再創(chuàng)新高。據(jù)美國疾病控制與防治中心報告顯示，藥物濫用成為當前美國主要的致病原因。藥物濫用致死率1999年至2013年增長了1倍多，從每十萬居民6.0人上升至13.8人。2014年，因藥物濫用造成超過47000人死亡，比2013年增加3018人。在所有藥物濫用中，海洛因濫用尤為突出。2002年至2013年，海洛因過量使用致死人數(shù)翻了近兩番，達到8200多人，2014年又猛增至10574人。在海洛因吸食者中，青年和女性增長明顯。與2002年至2004年相比，2011年至2013年吸食海洛因的18至25歲青年人數(shù)增長了109%，女性增長了100%。(注45) | Case fatality rate due to drug overdose set new record high. According to a CDC report, drug overdose was the leading cause of diseases in the United States. The death rate from drug overdose more than doubled from 6.0 per 100,000 population in 1999 to 13.8 in 2013. More than 47,000 people died from drug overdoses in 2014, an increase of 3,018 from 2013. Heroin poses the biggest issue among all forms of drug overdose. In 2013, deaths from heroin-related overdose exceeded 8,200, nearly quadrupling that of 2002. In 2014, the number surged to 10,574. Increasing number of young people and females took heroin. Compared with figures in the period from 2002 to 2004, the number of young heroin addicts aged between 18 and 25 in 2011-2013 period increased by 109 percent, while female users doubled (www.cdc.gov, October 16, December 29, 2015; www.usnews.com, December 18, 2015). |
(注28) 半島電視臺美國頻道網(wǎng)站（america.aljazeera.com），2015年2月2日，10月6日。 (注29) 《思考進步》網(wǎng)站（thinkprogress.org），2015年4月15日；《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年11月10日、19日。 (注30) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年10月10日。 (注31) 美國人口普查局報告，見www.census.gov。 (注32) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年6月9日、11月23日。 (注33) 英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站（www.theguardian.com），2015年11月26日。 (注34) 皮尤中心網(wǎng)站（www.pewtrusts.org），2015年12月4日。 (注35) 半島電視臺美國頻道網(wǎng)站（america.aljazeera.com），2015年10月8日。 (注36) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年6月9日、7月31日。 (注37) 美國住房和城市發(fā)展部的報告，見www.hud.gov。 (注38) 皮尤慈善信托組織網(wǎng)站（www.pewtrusts.org），2015年11月11日。 (注39) 伊朗PRESS TV網(wǎng)站（www.presstv.ir），2015年11月20日。 (注40) 美國政策創(chuàng)新研究所網(wǎng)站（www.ipi.org），2015年9月18日。 (注41) 博根項目網(wǎng)站（borgenproject.org），2015年8月23日。 (注42) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年12月12日。 (注43) 美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站（edition.cnn.com），2015年12月9日。 (注44) 法新社，2015年10月14日。 (注45) 美國疾病防控中心網(wǎng)站（www.cdc.gov），2015年10月16日、12月29日；《美國新聞與世界報道》網(wǎng)站（www.usnews.com），2015年12月18日。 | |
| 跳轉至目錄 >> | Back to Contents >> |
| 四、種族歧視變本加厲 | IV. Racial Discrimination Worse Than Ever |
| 2015年，美國的種族關系持續(xù)惡化，執(zhí)法司法領域依然是種族歧視的重災區(qū)，種族仇恨犯罪時有發(fā)生，反穆斯林言論甚囂塵上，少數(shù)族裔在經(jīng)濟和社會生活中的弱勢地位難以扭轉。 | In 2015, racial relations in the United States kept deteriorating. Law enforcement and justice fields were heavily influenced by racial discrimination, and race-based hate crimes occurred occasionally. Anti-Muslim remarks caused a great clamor, and minority races were unable to change their vulnerable status in economic and social lives. |
| 種族關系為近20年來最糟糕年份。美國哥倫比亞廣播公司與《紐約時報》2015年5月4日聯(lián)合發(fā)布的調查顯示，61%的美國人認為美國的種族關系差，這是1992年以來的最高點，大多數(shù)非洲裔和白人美國人均認為美國種族關系處于糟糕狀態(tài)。(注46)《華爾街日報》和美國全國廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)2015年12月的聯(lián)合調查顯示，認為美國的種族關系處于良好狀態(tài)的美國人從2009年1月的77%下降到34%。(注47)美國公共宗教研究所2015年11月發(fā)布的調查結果顯示，35%的被調查者認為自己居住的社區(qū)存在種族緊張問題，比2012年增長了18個百分點。(注48)皮尤中心2015年8月發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，50%的美國人認為種族主義是美國社會的嚴重問題；60%的美國人認為國家需要繼續(xù)努力促進種族平等，比一年前高出14個百分點。(注49) | Americans' view of race relations was at a two-decade low. A poll jointly released by the CBS News and The New York Times on May 4, 2015 showed that 61 percent of Americans characterized race relations in the United States as "bad," including a majority of white and black respondents. The figure was the highest since 1992 (newyork.cbslocal.com, May 4, 2015). A Wall Street Journal-NBC News poll in December 2015 showed that only 34 percent of Americans believe race relations in the United States were fairly good or very good, down from a high of 77 percent in January 2009 (blogs.wsj.com, December 16, 2015). A survey released in November 2015 by the Public Religion Research Institute in the United States showed that 35 percent of Americans believed racial tensions were a major concern in their own communities, jumping 18 percentage points from 2012 (publicreligion.org, November 17, 2015). Figures released in August 2015 by Pew Research Center showed that 50 percent of Americans said that racism was a big problem in the U.S. society; 60 percent Americans said the country needed to continue making changes to achieve racial equality, up 14 percentage points from a year ago (www.people-press.org, August 5, 2015). |
| 警察殺害非洲裔美國人的案件屢屢發(fā)生。2015年11月15日，明尼蘇達州明尼阿波利斯市24歲非洲裔男子賈馬爾·克拉克被白人警察開槍打死。事發(fā)時，兩名警察正試圖逮捕他。據(jù)目擊者稱，克拉克頭部中槍時雙手戴著手銬。一個名為 “黑人生命很重要” 的民權團體在全國多個城市組織抗議游行。活動組織者在社交網(wǎng)站上表示，“現(xiàn)在整個美國都彌漫著反對有色人種的白人至上恐怖主義。”(注50) 2015年4月12日，25歲的非洲裔男子弗雷迪·格雷在馬里蘭州西巴爾的摩地區(qū)遭警方逮捕時，被警察用膝蓋頂住背部和頭部、雙手反銬在背后、臉朝下拖進警車。在發(fā)現(xiàn)格雷呼吸困難并要求幫助后，警察并未理會。格雷隨后出現(xiàn)昏迷，直至送醫(yī)院后死亡，死因是脊柱嚴重受傷。事件引發(fā)巴爾的摩市居民大規(guī)模抗議示威。示威活動27日演變成暴力沖突，導致馬里蘭州宣布進入緊急狀態(tài)，并出動國民警衛(wèi)隊維持秩序。這是繼2014年白人警察槍殺非洲裔少年布朗引發(fā)弗格森騷亂后，美國州政府6個月內第二次動用國民警衛(wèi)隊維護秩序。《紐約時報》4月28日評論稱，“格雷成為這個國家警察暴行的最新象征”。(注51) 據(jù)《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站統(tǒng)計，截至2015年12月24日，警察全年共射殺965人，其中36人是手無寸鐵的非洲裔美國人。(注52)美國哥倫比亞廣播公司與《紐約時報》2015年5月4日聯(lián)合發(fā)布的調查顯示，79%的非洲裔美國人認為警察更容易針對非洲裔使用致命性武器，非洲裔比白人更傾向于認為地方警察帶給他們的是焦慮感而不是安全感。(注53)全美律師協(xié)會公布的一項調查顯示，88%的非洲裔和59%的白人相信非洲裔美國人遭受到警察不公正的對待。(注54) | Cases of African-Americans being killed by police occurred repeatedly. On November 15, 2015, the 24-year-old African-American Jamar Clark was shot dead by white police officers. The fatal shooting occurred when two police officers were trying to arrest him. Witnesses said that Clark was handcuffed when he was shot in the head. The civil rights organization "Black Lives Matter" organized protests in multiple cities across the country. In a Facebook post, Black Lives Matter activists noted "the era of white supremacist terrorism against people of color across the U.S.," (www.theatlantic.com, November 18, 2015; www.mprnews.org, November 20, 2015; www.huffingtonpost.com, November 24, 2015) On April 12, 2015, as 25-year-old African-American Freddie Gray was being arrested, police handcuffed him and had knees on his back and his head. Gray was dragged and thrown into the back of a police van with his face down. Gray requested medical attention while being transported in the van but the request was denied. Gray lapsed into a coma following the journey on April 12 and died a week later in a hospital. He died of a severe spinal cord injury. The incident sparked large-scale protests in Baltimore. The protests turned violent on April 27, and Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan declared a state of emergency and activated the National Guard. It was the second time in six months that a state called out the National Guard to enforce order after a white police officer killed a black teenager, Michael Brown, in Ferguson in 2014. The New York Times said that Gray had become the nation's latest symbol of police brutality in an April 28 story. (edition.cnn.com, April 29, 2015; www.bbc.com, May 5, 2015; baltimore.cbslocal.com, April 27, 2015; www.nytimes.com, April 27 and 28, 2015) According to The Washington Post website, police fatally shot 965 people in 2015 as of December 24, 2015, including 36 unarmed African-Americans (www.washingtonpost.com, December 24, 2015). The CBS News-New York Times poll released on May 4, 2015 showed that 79 percent of African-Americans believed police were more likely to use deadly force against a black person than against a white person, and black respondents were more likely than white respondents to believe their local police made them feel anxious rather than safe (newyork.cbslocal.com, May 4, 2015). According to a poll released by the National Bar Association in the United States, 88 percent of blacks believed black people were treated unfairly by police, compared with 59 percent of whites who shared that view (www.usatoday.com, September 9, 2015). |
| 刑事司法領域種族歧視嚴重。2015年蓋勒普公司的一項調查顯示，68%的非洲裔美國人和37%的白人認為美國的刑事司法體系存在種族歧視。(注55)公共宗教研究所的調查顯示，51%的美國人認為非洲裔和其他少數(shù)族裔在刑事司法體系中與白人相比受到了不平等對待，78%的非洲裔美國人認為他們在刑事司法體系中受到不平等待遇。(注56)在一些案件審判過程中，公訴人在選任陪審團成員時會刻意將符合條件的非洲裔陪審員排除出去。在美國南部地區(qū)，這種操縱陪審團種族構成的做法極為常見。(注57) | Racial discrimination in the criminal justice system was severe. A Gallup survey in 2015 showed that 68 percent of African-Americans believed the American criminal justice system was racially biased, while 37 percent of whites said the same (www.usatoday.com, June 18, 2015). According to a survey released by the Public Religion Research Institute, 51 percent of Americans disagreed that blacks and other minorities received equal treatment as whites in the criminal justice system, and 78 percent of black Americans disagreed that blacks and other minorities received equal treatment to whites in the criminal justice system (publicreligion.org, May 7, 2015). Prosecutors intentionally struck black people from juries in trials of black defendants. In the South, the practice for prosecutors to strike jurors based on race remained common (www.newyorker.com, June 5, 2015). |
| 種族仇恨犯罪時有發(fā)生。46歲的克雷格·斯蒂芬·希克斯于2015年2月10日在北卡羅萊納大學附近槍殺三名穆斯林學生，兇手此前時常在網(wǎng)絡上發(fā)表各種反宗教言論。(注58)21歲的白人男子戴倫·魯夫2015年6月17日晚在南卡羅萊納州查爾斯頓一個非洲裔美國人教堂內槍殺了包括牧師在內的9人。魯夫在行兇時對受害者大喊：“你們強奸我們的婦女，占領我們的國家，你們必須滾出去。”(注59) | Race-related hate crimes occurred occasionally. Craig Stephen Hicks, 46, shot dead three Muslim students near the University of North Carolina on February 10, 2015. Hicks had frequently posted messages critical of various religions on the Internet (indianexpress.com, June 5, 2015). On June 17, 2015, Dylann Roof, a 21-year-old white man, opened fire and killed nine people, including a pastor, at an African-American church in Charleston in South Carolina. According to witnesses, Roof told the victims, "You rape our women and you're taking over our country, and you have to go (www.cbsnews.com, June 17, 2015; www.bbc.com, June 19, 2015)." |
| 反穆斯林言論甚囂塵上。英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站2015年11月19日報道，一位共和黨總統(tǒng)參選人公開發(fā)表言論，稱會考慮對穆斯林實施未經(jīng)授權的搜查，增加對清真寺的監(jiān)控，并聲稱不排除建立追蹤美國穆斯林的數(shù)據(jù)庫，或給穆斯林頒發(fā)標明其宗教信仰的特殊身份證。(注60)12月7日，該參選人又聲稱“應全面禁止穆斯林進入美國”。(注61)近年來，美國人對伊斯蘭教的看法變得越來越負面。美國公共宗教研究所的調查發(fā)現(xiàn)，56%的美國民眾認為伊斯蘭教與美國基本價值相沖突，持此觀點的共和黨人高達76%。(注62)聯(lián)合國人權委員會對美國“執(zhí)法人員對某些族裔群體特別是穆斯林的監(jiān)視表示關切”。(注63) | Anti-Muslim remarks caused a great clamor. The Guardian reported on November 19, 2015 that a Republican presidential candidate made public comments, saying that he would consider warrantless searches of Muslims and increased surveillance of mosques, and that he would not rule out tracking Muslim Americans in a database or giving them "a special form of identification that noted their religion (www.theguardian.com, November 19, 2015)." On December 7, the presidential candidate made a statement calling for "a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States (www.economist.com, December 8, 2015)." In recent years, Americans' view on Islam became more and more negative. According to a survey by the Public Religion Research Institute, 56 percent of Americans said that the values of Islam were "at odds" with America's values and way of life, and 76 percent of Republicans were especially likely to have the same opinion (www.washingtonpost.com, November 17, 2015). The Human Rights Committee remained concerned about the practice of racial profiling and surveillance by law enforcement officials targeting certain ethnic minorities, notably Muslims (daccess-dds-ny.un.org). |
| 少數(shù)族裔處境艱難。美國勞工統(tǒng)計局數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2015年11月白人失業(yè)率為4.3%，非洲裔為9.4%，拉美裔為6.4%。非洲裔失業(yè)率是白人失業(yè)率的兩倍以上，拉美裔失業(yè)率比白人高出近50%。(注64)非洲裔大學生失業(yè)率與白人高中生失業(yè)率大致相當。(注65)在愛荷華州，33%的非洲裔家庭年收入低于2萬美元，而只有8%的白人家庭低于此數(shù)。超過20%的白人家庭年收入超過10萬美元，而只有8%的非洲裔家庭能達到同樣水平。(注66)在紐約無家可歸者收容所的受助者中，約57%是非洲裔，31%是拉美裔，8%是白人。(注67)據(jù)美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站2015年2月18日報道，種族之間的收入不平等進一步擴大，白人擁有的財富是非洲裔的12倍，是拉美裔的近11倍，“對于很多非洲裔和拉美裔美國家庭而言，美國夢仍然遙不可及。”(注68)非洲裔美國人達內爾·沃克拍攝的名為《尋求避難》的紀錄片在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上放映后，引起強烈反響。該片記錄了非洲裔美國人的困境。由于警察的野蠻執(zhí)法等原因，一些非洲裔美國人在美國不再感到安全，希望轉到其他地方定居。針對美國連續(xù)發(fā)生的警察殺害非洲裔事件，2004年從美國移居法國的作家邁爾斯·馬歇爾·劉易斯在2014年出版了《黑人沒有國家》一書。(注69) | Minority races were in a dire situation. According to figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, the unemployment rates in November 2015 were 4.3 percent for whites, 9.4 percent for blacks and 6.4 percent for Hispanics. The unemployment rate for blacks more than doubled that for whites, and the figure for Hispanics was 50 percent higher than that for whites (www.bls.gov). The unemployment rate for black college graduates was roughly equal to the rate for white Americans with associate degrees (huffingtonpost.com, December 18, 2015). A third of Iowa's black households earned less than 20,000 U.S. dollars annually, compared with 8 percent of white households. More than one fifth of white households in Iowa earned 100,000 U.S. dollars or more in a year, but only eight percent of black households did (www.usatoday.com, October 31, 2015). Approximately 57 percent of New York City homeless shelter residents were African-American, 31 percent were Latino, 8 percent were white (www.coalitionforthehomeless.org, March 18, 2015). According to a CNN report on February 18, 2015, financial inequality was pervading the country and it was getting worse. Whites had 12 times the wealth of blacks and nearly 10 times more than Hispanics. "The American Dream remains out of reach for many African-American and Hispanic families." (money.cnn.com, February 18, 2015) The documentary Seeking Asylum by African-American Darnell Walker triggered heated responses after debuting online, chronicling the plight of black Americans who no longer felt safe in the United States due to rampant police brutality and were looking to settle elsewhere. Miles Marshall Lewis, who moved to France in 2004 from the United States, published his book "No Country for Black Men" in 2014, a response to the wave of police killings targeting blacks (www.thedailybeast.com, November 11, 2015). |
(注46) 美國哥倫比亞廣播公司紐約分支機構網(wǎng)站（newyork.cbslocal.com），2015年5月4日。 (注47) 《華爾街日報》博客網(wǎng)（blogs.wsj.com），2015年12月16日。 (注48) 美國公共宗教研究所網(wǎng)站（publicreligion.org），2015年11月17日。 (注49) people-press 網(wǎng)站（www.people-press.org），2015年8月5日；《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年8月5日。 (注50) 美國《大西洋》月刊網(wǎng)站（www.theatlantic.com），2015年11月18日；明尼蘇達州公共廣播電臺新聞網(wǎng)站（www.mprnews.org），2015年11月20日；《赫芬頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.huffingtonpost.com），2015年11月24日。 (注51) 美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站（edition.cnn.com），2015年4月29日；英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站（www.bbc.com），2015年5月5日；美國哥倫比亞廣播公司巴爾的摩分支機構網(wǎng)站（baltimore.cbslocal.com），2015年4月27日；《紐約時報》網(wǎng)站（www.nytimes.com），2015年4月27日，4月28日。 (注52) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年12月24日。 (注53) 美國哥倫比亞廣播公司紐約分支機構網(wǎng)站（newyork.cbslocal.com），2015年5月4日。 (注54) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年9月9日。 (注55) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年6月18日。 (注56) 美國公共宗教研究所網(wǎng)站（publicreligion.org），2015年5月7日。 (注57) 《紐約客》網(wǎng)站（www.newyorker.com），2015年6月5日。 (注58) 印度《印度快報》網(wǎng)站（indianexpress.com），2015年6月5日。 (注59) 美國哥倫比亞廣播公司網(wǎng)站（www.cbsnews.com），2015年6月17日；英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站（www.bbc.com），2015年6月19日。 (注60) 英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站（www.theguardian.com），2015年11月19日。 (注61) 英國《經(jīng)濟學人》網(wǎng)站（www.economist.com），2015年12月8日。 (注62) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年11月17日。 (注63) 聯(lián)合國報告A/70/255，見daccess-dds-ny.un.org。 (注64) 美國勞工統(tǒng)計局2015年12月4日報告，見www.bls.gov。 (注65) 《赫芬頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（huffingtonpost.com），2015年12月18日。 (注66) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年10月31日。 (注67) 無家可歸者聯(lián)盟網(wǎng)站（www.coalitionforthehomeless.org），2015年3月18日。 (注68) 美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站（money.cnn.com），2015年2月18日。 (注69) thedailybeast網(wǎng)站（www.thedailybeast.com），2015年11月11日。 | |
| 跳轉至目錄 >> | Back to Contents >> |
| 五、婦女和兒童權利堪憂 | V. Missing Rights for Women and Children |
| 2015年，美國婦女和兒童權利受到嚴重侵犯。婦女遭受職場歧視、家庭暴力和性侵犯的情況嚴重，兒童面臨槍支、虐待、貧困和警察暴力的威脅。 | Rights of women and children were grossly violated in the United States in 2015. Women were facing serious workplace discrimination, domestic violence and sexual violation and children were under the threats of arms, abuse, poverty and police violence. |
| 女性社會地位下降。2015年12月11日，聯(lián)合國“在法律和實踐中歧視婦女問題工作組”實地考察后指出，美國仍然沒有落實普遍帶薪產(chǎn)假、生育保健和政治選舉中的平等機會等權利和保護措施。美國婦女在公共和政治領域的任職率、經(jīng)濟與社會權利保障、健康和安全保護等方面低于國際標準。女性在各州立法機構中所占席位平均值為24.9%，在全球僅排第72位。兩性之間的收入差距為21%；過去十年，貧困婦女比例從12.1%上升至14.5%，該數(shù)字高于男性。貧困婦女、移徙婦女在獲取性健康和生殖健康服務方面面臨更大的障礙。缺乏槍支管制給婦女安全造成很大威脅，在一些家庭暴力案件中尤其嚴重，被拘留婦女和美洲原住民婦女遭受暴力的比例很高。(注70) | Women were facing worsening situation of inferior social status. On December 11, 2015, the United Nations Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice delivered a statement after a mission to the United States and pointed out the missing rights and protections such as universal paid maternity leave, accessible reproductive health care and equal opportunity in standing for political election for the country's women. In the United States, women fell behind international standards as regards their public and political representation, their economic and social rights and their health and safety protections. Women's average representation in state legislatures was 24.9 percent. This rate placed the country at only the 72nd in global ranking. The gender wage gap was 21 percent. The percentage of women in poverty increased over the past decade, from 12.1 percent to 14.5 percent, with a higher rate of poverty than men. Poor and immigrant women faced severe barriers in accessing sexual and reproductive health services. Women faced fatal consequences of lack of gun control, in particular in cases of domestic violence. The statement also expressed concerns over violence against women in detention as well as the alarming high rates of violence against Native-American women (www.ohchr.org, December 11, 2015). |
| 女性面臨職場歧視。美國人口普查局2015年9月發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2014年全職女性比全職男性的平均年薪少10762美元，二者的平均年薪收入比為79∶100。(注71)國際勞工組織根據(jù)2014年185個國家和地區(qū)的可用數(shù)據(jù)指出，美國是唯一沒有立法明確規(guī)定帶薪產(chǎn)假的工業(yè)化國家。(注72)《洛杉磯時報》網(wǎng)站2015年5月6日報道，在美國高科技企業(yè)2013年的晉升過程中，白人男性比白人女性擁有42%的優(yōu)勢，相對亞裔女性的優(yōu)勢則高達260%。(注73) | Women were suffering workplace discrimination. A report released by the U.S. Census Bureau in September 2015 revealed that women in the U.S. were paid 79 cents for every dollar paid to men in 2014, amounting to a yearly wage gap of 10,762 U.S. dollars between full-time working men and women (www.census.gov). The United Nations' International Labour Organization said in 2014 that out of the 185 countries and territories with available data, the United States was the only industrialized nation with no overall law for cash benefits provided to women during maternity leave (abcnews.go.com, May 6, 2015). A report at the website of the Los Angeles Times on May 6, 2015 said that white men had a 42 percent advantage over white women when it came to being promoted to the executive level in U.S. tech companies, but that paled in comparison to the 260 percent advantage they had to Asian women (www.latimes.com, May 6, 2015). |
| 女性遭受不同形式的性騷擾和性侵犯。美國高等院校聯(lián)合會2015年9月發(fā)布的調查結果顯示，23%的大學本科女生遭受過性騷擾或性侵犯，20%的大學生認為性侵犯和不當性行為成為大學校園中極為嚴重的問題。(注74)據(jù)《今日美國》網(wǎng)站2015年8月17日報道，37%的美國女性曾遭受網(wǎng)絡性騷擾，而拉美裔和非洲裔婦女遭受性騷擾的比例分別高達54%、51%。許多網(wǎng)絡性騷擾發(fā)展為現(xiàn)實生活中的跟蹤和性騷擾。(注75)據(jù)《今日美國》網(wǎng)站2015年12月11日報道，俄克拉荷馬州前警官丹尼爾·霍爾茨克勞被控在自己巡邏的低收入社區(qū)中性侵女性。在他被判已經(jīng)證實的18項罪名中，涉及的8名受害者均為非洲裔女性。(注76) | Women fell victim to various forms of sex harassments and sex assaults. A survey released by the Association of American Universities in September 2015 indicated that 23 percent of undergraduate women said they were victims of non-consensual sexual contact and that 20 percent of students said sexual assault and misconduct was very or extremely problematic on their own campus (www.latimes.com, September 21, 2015; www.washingtonpost.com, September 1/September 21, 2015). According to a report at the USA Today website on August 17, 2015, a total of 37 percent of women said they had experienced some kind of online harassment. A total of 54 percent of Hispanics and 51 percent of African Americans said they had experienced online harassment. Also, women were more likely to be targets of serious cases in which they were stalked and sexually harassed (www.usatoday.com, August 17, 2015). Another article at the USA Today website on December 11, 2015 reported that Daniel Holtzclaw, a former Oklahoma City police officer, was convicted of sexually assaulting women he preyed upon in a low-income neighborhood he patrolled. He was convicted of 18 counts connected to eight women, all of whom were black (www.usatoday.com, December 11, 2015). |
| 槍支威脅兒童安全。據(jù)美國“槍支暴力檔案”網(wǎng)站發(fā)布的《2015年槍支暴力傷亡統(tǒng)計》，截至12月28日，美國2015年發(fā)生的槍擊案件導致682名11歲以下的兒童傷亡，2640名12歲至17歲的青少年傷亡。(注77)據(jù)俄羅斯電視臺網(wǎng)站2015年10月10日報道，當年美國已發(fā)生52起校園槍擊案，每個月至少發(fā)生2起。(注78)據(jù)《今日美國》網(wǎng)站2015年1月22日報道，美國幾乎每周都有兩名兒童遭受意外槍擊死亡，近三分之二的意外死亡發(fā)生在受害者的家里或者車中。(注79)根據(jù)美國兒科學會的調查，美國15歲以上因傷致死的青少年中，有四分之一死于槍擊事件。(注80) | Children were under the threats of guns. According to statistics from the Gun Violence Archive website, as of December 28, 2015, gun-related incidents that year left 682 children under the age of 11 and 2,640 children aged between 12 and 17 killed or injured (www.gunviolencearchive.org, December 28, 2015). The RT America reported at its website on October 10, 2015 that the number of U.S. school shootings that year climbed to 52. There were at least two school shootings a month in 2015 (www.rt.com, October 10, 2015). A report at the website of the USA Today on January 21, 2015 said that almost two children were killed every week in unintentional shootings, and nearly two thirds of these unintended deaths took place in a home or vehicle that belonged to the victim's family (www.usatoday.com, January 22, 2015). More than a quarter of the teenagers -- 15 years old and up -- who died of injuries in the United States were killed in gun-related incidents, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (www.theatlantic.com, January 12, 2015). |
| 兒童健康和生活狀況不佳。美國疾病和預防中心的統(tǒng)計顯示，新生兒患有梅毒的比率在2012至2014年間增長了38%，是2001年以來的最高水平。(注81)美國正在接受治療的吸毒者中，有五分之一是18歲之前通過父母初次接觸毒品的。(注82)美國人口普查局的調查顯示，2015年約有1740萬兒童由單親媽媽撫養(yǎng)，其中45%生活在貧困線以下。(注83)在紐約，近6%的非洲裔兒童和近3%的拉美裔兒童因無家可歸需要求助于庇護所。(注84)《今日美國》網(wǎng)站2015年8月15日報道，47%的農(nóng)村拉美裔嬰兒和41%的城市拉美裔嬰兒出生于貧困家庭。農(nóng)村地區(qū)的嬰兒很難享受到諸如聯(lián)邦和州為婦女兒童提供的特殊營養(yǎng)項目，陷于貧困的可能性更大，“這些孩子一出生就輸在了人生的起跑線上”。(注85) | Poor health and living conditions for children. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that the rate of newborns with syphilis jumped 38 percent between 2012 and 2014 to its highest level in more than a decade (www.washingtonpost.com, November 12, 2015). A survey said that one in five drug abusers in some treatment programs in the United States received their first taste of these illegal substances from their parents, usually before the age of 18 (abcnews.go.com, August 24, 2015). According to U.S. Census Bureau, about 17.4 million children under the age of 18 were being raised without a father and 45 percent lived below the poverty line (singlemotherguide.com, June 1, 2015). About 6 percent of New York City's African-American population under 18 years old and nearly 3 percent Latino children utilized New York City shelters because of homelessness (www.coalitionforthehomeless.org, March 19, 2015). The USA Today website reported on August 15, 2015 that 47 percent of rural Hispanic babies were born poor, compared to 41 percent of Hispanic babies in urban areas. Hispanics babies born in rural enclaves were more likely to be impoverished and it was harder for them to receive help from federal and state programs, such as the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children. "These babies are starting behind the starting line." (www.usatoday.com, August 15, 2015) |
| 兒童遭遇虐待。《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2015年1月1日報道，發(fā)生在華盛頓及周邊地區(qū)的多數(shù)兒童死亡案件的作案人是家長或其他監(jiān)護人。(注86)《邁阿密先驅報》網(wǎng)站2015年3月10日報道，在佛羅里達州，三分之一的女孩和五分之一的男孩在18歲前可能遭受性侵害。這些受虐經(jīng)歷會對受害者未來的生活造成嚴重的負面影響，平均每位受虐者會因為受害經(jīng)歷在其一生中失去250000美元的收入，一半的受害者在校學習成績低于平均成績。(注87) | Children were suffering abuse. A report at the website of The Washington Post on January 1, 2015 said that among the young children killed in the D.C. region, the majority was killed by a parent or guardian (www.washingtonpost.com, January 1, 2015). The Miami Herald website on March 10, 2015 reported that one in three girls and one in five boys would become a victim of child sexual abuse in Florida before they turned 18. Such experience would have serious negative impact on their future lives. On average, each victim of child sexual abuse would lose 250,000 U.S. dollars in earnings throughout his or her lifetime because of the abuse. Fifty percent of victims had below-average grades (www.miamiherald.com, March 10, 2015). |
| 非洲裔兒童成為警察暴力的受害者。美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)財經(jīng)頻道網(wǎng)站2015年6月10日報道，得克薩斯州麥金利警察局的白人警察暴力對待一名14歲非洲裔女孩的視頻在網(wǎng)上廣泛傳播。該警察在處置一起來自泳池聚會的報警時，大聲辱罵幾個非洲裔青少年，并將身穿泳衣的非洲裔女孩猛烈摔到地面，后來甚至拔出配槍對準他們。現(xiàn)場拍攝視頻的白人目擊者認為該警察的行為毫無疑問是出于種族主義動機。這一事件引發(fā)民眾的抗議游行。(注88) 2015年10月26日，南卡羅來納州春谷高中的駐校白人警察本·菲爾茨對一名非洲裔女生施暴的視頻在網(wǎng)上引發(fā)民眾憤慨。該校警猛掐這名在課堂上玩手機的女孩的頸部，將其連人帶椅狠狠摔倒在地，最后拖出教室。菲爾茨2013年曾因不公平且粗暴對待非洲裔學生被告上法庭。美國全國有色人種協(xié)進會稱，從未有白人學生遭受如此暴力對待。美國公民自由聯(lián)盟南卡羅來納州分支機構主管維多利亞·米德爾頓認為，無論出于何種目的，在課堂上對年輕孩子過度使用暴力的行為都無法容忍，“學校不應該成為孩子們被粗暴對待的地方”。(注89) | African-American children fell victim to police violence. The CNN website on June 10, 2015 reported that a video went viral online showing violence by a white police officer of the Police Department in McKinney, Texas, against a 14-year-old African-American girl. The officer, called to a community swimming pool party after complaints, cursed at several black teenagers and yanked the girl wearing only a bikini to the ground. He also pointed his gun at the teenagers. The white witness who shot the video said there was no doubt race was a factor in how police responded. This incident triggered some public protests (edition.cnn.com, June 10, 2015). On October 26, 2015, a video that showed Ben Fields, a white school resource officer at Spring Valley High School in South Carolina, manhandling an African-American school girl drew intense criticism. The officer grabbed the girl, who used her cell phone during class, by the neck, flipped her over and dragged her across the floor. Fields in 2013 was named as a defendant in a federal lawsuit that claimed he "unfairly and recklessly targets African-American students." The U.S. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People criticized that such violence "doesn't affect white students". Victoria Middleton, the executive director for the South Carolina branch of the American Civil Liberties Union, said that regardless of the reason for the officer's actions, such egregious use of force - against young people who were sitting in their classrooms - was outrageous. "School should be a place to learn and grow, not a place to be brutalized." (abcnews.go.com, October 28, 2015) |
(注70) 聯(lián)合國人權高專辦網(wǎng)站（www.ohchr.org），2015年12月11日。 (注71) 美國人口普查局報告，見www.census.gov。 (注72) 美國廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)站（abcnews.go.com），2015年5月6日。 (注73) 《洛杉磯時報》網(wǎng)站（www.latimes.com），2015年5月6日。 (注74) 《洛杉磯時報》網(wǎng)站（www.latimes.com），2015年9月21日；《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年9月1日、21日。 (注75) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年8月17日。 (注76) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年12月11日。 (注77) 美國“槍支暴力檔案”網(wǎng)站（www.gunviolencearchive.org），2015年12月28日。 (注78) 俄羅斯電視臺網(wǎng)站（www.rt.com），2015年10月10日。 (注79) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年1月22日。 (注80) 美國《大西洋》月刊網(wǎng)站（www.theatlantic.com），2015年1月12日。 (注81) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年11月12日。 (注82) 美國廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)站（abcnews.go.com），2015年8月24日。 (注83) singlemotherguide網(wǎng)站（singlemotherguide.com），2015年6月1日。 (注84) 無家可歸者聯(lián)盟網(wǎng)站（www.coalitionforthehomeless.org），2015年3月19日。 (注85) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年8月15日。 (注86) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年1月1日。 (注87) 《邁阿密先驅報》網(wǎng)站（www.miamiherald.com），2015年3月10日。 (注88) 美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)財經(jīng)頻道網(wǎng)站（edition.cnn.com），2015年6月10日。 (注89) 美國廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)站（abcnews.go.com），2015年10月28日。 | |
| 跳轉至目錄 >> | Back to Contents >> |
| 六、粗暴侵犯他國人權 | VI. Gross Violations of Human Rights in Other Countries |
| 2015年，美國依然變本加厲侵犯他國人權，造成大量平民傷亡，海外監(jiān)聽項目侵犯公民隱私權，關塔那摩監(jiān)獄的虐囚丑聞仍在繼續(xù)。美國迄今未批準聯(lián)合國多項核心人權公約，并對聯(lián)合國重要人權決議投反對票。 | In 2015, the United States continued to trample on human rights in other countries, causing tremendous civilian casualties. Its overseas monitoring projects infringed on the privacy of citizens of other countries while torture scandals at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp continued. Up to date, the United States has not ratified some core human rights conventions of the United Nations and voted against some important human rights resolutions. |
| 空襲行動造成大量平民傷亡。據(jù)空中戰(zhàn)爭跟蹤組織統(tǒng)計，2014年8月8日以來，美國不斷組織聯(lián)軍對伊拉克和敘利亞境內武裝進行空襲。截至2015年12月6日，美國空襲伊拉克3965次，空襲敘利亞2823次，據(jù)估算共造成兩國境內1695至2239名平民死亡。(注90)敘利亞政府認為美國主導的空襲行動是赤裸裸的“侵略行為”。(注91)2015年10月3日，阿富汗昆都士的“無國界醫(yī)生”組織醫(yī)院受到美軍持續(xù)近半小時的空襲，許多無法行動的病人在病床上被當場炸死，一些逃出醫(yī)院的醫(yī)護人員遭到空中掃射，共造成42人遇難，許多尸體難以辨認。(注92) | Air strikes caused a large number of civilian casualties. According to Airwars, a project aimed at tracking air strikes in the Middle East, the United States had repeatedly organized coalition forces to launch air strikes against military forces in Iraq and Syria since August 8, 2014. As of December 6, 2015, the United States launched 3,965 air strikes in Iraq and 2,823 in Syria, causing an estimated number of civilian deaths between 1,695 and 2,239 (www.airwars.org). The Syrian government called U.S.-led coalition air strikes an "act of aggression" (www.independent.co.uk, December 7, 2015). On October 3, 2015, a hospital run by aid group "Doctors Without Borders" in the city of Kunduz in Afghanistan was under a bombing that continued for half an hour. Many patients who were unable to move were killed on site, while some staff of the aid group were shot at from the air while fleeing the hospital. A total of 42 people were killed in the air strike, with some bodies charred beyond recognition (www.sputniknews.com, December 12, 2015; www.abcnews.go.com, October 5, 2015). |
| 頻繁使用無人機濫殺無辜。英國《每日郵報》網(wǎng)站2015年10月15日報道，美國軍隊在執(zhí)行無人機暗殺計劃時僅僅使用追蹤電話數(shù)據(jù)這一有限的方式來確定襲擊目標。2012年1月至2013年2月美軍在阿富汗東北部發(fā)動的一場代號為“干草機”的行動中，219人被炸死，其中僅有35人是預先要攻擊的目標。在另一次長達5個月的行動中，90%被殺死的人都不是預先要攻擊的目標，但是所有死者都被貼上了“陣亡敵人”的標簽。(注93)《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2015年4月24日報道，根據(jù)一份研究報告，2001年“9·11”事件以來，美國在巴基斯坦和也門進行的415次無人機襲擊中，估算造成423至962名平民死亡。(注94)美國濫用無人機襲擊的做法，不僅受到國際社會的廣泛批評，也被美國學術界強烈質疑。2015年3月20日，《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站專門介紹了安德魯·科伯恩所著的《殺人鏈條：高科技暗殺的興起》和格里高利·查馬尤所著的《無人機原理》兩本書。安德魯·科伯恩認為，“美國在全球部署具有毀滅性軍事力量的過程中，無人機轟炸政策是其中一種充滿著謊言、欺騙和貪婪的歷史模式的頂點，是此前美國暗殺政策的延續(xù)。無人機轟炸政策不但沒有實現(xiàn)加強美國國家安全的目標，而且還削弱了民主的進程，并在被空襲國制造了混亂，成為滋生極端主義的溫床。”查馬尤和科伯恩強調，無人機轟炸是一種“非人道的戰(zhàn)爭方式”，“用無人機作戰(zhàn)，沒有勝利者，只有屠殺”。(注95) | A frequent use of drones claimed many innocent lives. According to an October 15, 2015 report run by Daily Mail website, when carrying out drone assassinations, the U.S. military used "phone data alone" -- a limited way of guaranteeing a kill. During Operation Haymaker, a campaign in northeastern Afghanistan which ran between January 2012 and February 2013, some 219 people were killed by drones but just 35 were the intended targets. During another five-month stretch of the operation, a staggering 90 percent of those killed were not the intended target. Despite this all the deaths were labeled EKIA, or "enemy killed in action." (www.dailymail.co.uk, October 15, 2015). A report posted on April 24, 2015 by The Washington Post on its website said a study, which documented 415 strikes in Pakistan and Yemen since the September 11, 2001 attacks, put the total number of killed civilians between 423 and 962 (www.washingtonpost.com, April 24, 2015). The abuse of drone strikes not only drew widespread criticism from international community, but also incurred strong doubt from U.S. scholars. The Washington Post posted an article on March 20, 2015, introducing to its readers two books on drones - Kill Chain: The Rise of the High-Tech Assassins, by Andrew Cockburn, and A Theory of the Drones, by Gregoire Chamayou. Cockburn sees America's killer drone policy as "the culmination of a historical pattern of lies, deception and greed in the deployment of lethal military force around the world" and as "a continuation of previous U.S. assassination policy." Failing miserably to achieve the country's stated goal of enhanced security, the policy simultaneously undermined the democratic process, Cockburn writes, noting that "assassination by robot is bound to inspire rather than curtail extremism." According to Chamayou and Cockburn, killer drone exposes the trend toward a new -- and "inhumane form of warfare." "With drone warfare, there is no victory, just perpetual elimination." (www.washingtonpost.com, March 20, 2015). |
| 濫用酷刑踐踏人權。美國參議院情報委員會公布的中情局虐囚報告指出，中情局使用的水刑、長期單獨囚禁、將囚犯頭部猛力撞墻和抽打乃至死亡威脅等審訊手段大大超出了法律所允許的范圍。(注96)而根據(jù)有關嫌疑人的說法，美國的虐囚行為遠遠超出了報告所披露的內容。英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站2015年6月2日報道，曾被關押在關塔那摩監(jiān)獄的囚犯馬吉德·可汗說，審訊官將冰水倒在他的生殖器上，兩次對其裸體進行錄像，并不停地觸摸他的“私處”；他的雙腳和小腿都被放置于形如高筒靴的金屬銬中，這種金屬銬戳入他的肉中，使他的雙腿難以動彈；獄警將他赤身裸體懸掛在木梁上長達三天，期間只提供少量飲用水而沒有任何食物——他所遭受的這些酷刑都沒有被寫入?yún)⒆h院報告。(注97) 2016年1月11日，包括聯(lián)合國酷刑問題特別報告員門德斯、在反恐中促進和保護人權問題特別報告員埃默森、法官和律師獨立性問題特別報告員平托、任意拘留問題工作組主席洪晟弼以及歐安組織民主機構與人權辦公室主任林克在內的人權專家共同發(fā)表公開信，敦促美國政府盡早關閉關塔那摩監(jiān)獄。關塔那摩監(jiān)獄已經(jīng)建立14年之久，截至2016年1月11日，仍有近100人在被任意拘留多年且未經(jīng)審判的情況下被繼續(xù)羈押。(注98) | Abuse of cruel torture trampled on human rights. A report by the U.S. Senate on the study of the Central Intelligence Agency's detention and interrogation program found that the CIA's use of brutal interrogation techniques, such as waterboarding, long-term solitary confinement, slamming prisoners' heads into walls, lashing and death threat, were in serious violation of U.S. law (www.intelligence.senate.gov). While according to some witnesses, the CIA torture went far beyond the Senate report had disclosed. Majid Khan, a Guantanamo Bay detainee-turned government cooperating witness, said interrogators poured ice water on his genitals, twice videotaped him naked and repeatedly touched his "private parts". At one point, Khan said, his feet and lower legs were placed in tall boot-like metal cuffs that dug into his flesh and immobilized his legs. The guards also stripped him naked, hung him from a wooden beam for three days and provided him with water but no food. All the above torture details that Khan had undergone were not included in the Senate report (www.theguardian.com, June 2, 2015). On January 11, 2016, human rights experts, including the UN special rapporteurs on torture Juan E. Mendez; on human rights and counterterrorism, Ben Emmerson; on independence of the judiciary, Monica Pinto; Chair-Rapporteur of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention Seong-Phil Hong; and the director of the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights under the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Michael Georg Link, together called on the U.S. Government to promptly close the Guantanamo Bay detention facility, 14 years after the detention center became operational. The experts recalled in the letter that close to 100 detainees still languished in Guantanamo after years of arbitrary detention without trial (www.un.org, January 11, 2016). |
| 對他國政要實施監(jiān)聽。英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站2015年4月30日披露，美國國家安全局長期監(jiān)聽歐洲國家領導人。(注99)英國《獨立報》2015年6月24日報道，美國先后對3位法國總統(tǒng)和其他政府高官進行了長期的電話監(jiān)聽，對此法國政府發(fā)言人表示“無法接受”。(注100)盡管受到來自盟國的批評，美國政府依然以國家安全為由決定對部分國家領導人實施監(jiān)聽。(注101) | The United States spied on leaders from other countries. The BBC reported on April 30, 2015 that the U.S. National Security Agency, by working with other secret services, has long monitored on European leaders (www.bbc.com, April 30, 2015). The Independent reported on June 24, 2015 that the United States had bugged the phones of three French presidents and many other senior French officials, for which a French government spokesman said was "unacceptable" (www.independent.co.uk, June 24, 2015). Facing criticism from its allies, the U.S. government continued to monitor some leaders in the name of "national security purpose" (www.theguardian.com, December 30, 2015). |
| 美國口口聲聲標榜“人權”，以“人權衛(wèi)士”自居，但時至今日，美國仍不批準《經(jīng)濟、社會和文化權利國際公約》《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》《兒童權利公約》《殘疾人權利公約》等聯(lián)合國核心人權公約。美國是當今世界唯一沒有批準《兒童權利公約》的國家。對于國際人權事務，美國也經(jīng)常采取不合作態(tài)度。對于聯(lián)合國人權理事會特別機制以及聯(lián)合國人權事務高級專員等對美國人權狀況提出的批評，美國政府經(jīng)常予以拖延或置若罔聞。2015年9月28日聯(lián)合國人權理事會通過有關發(fā)展權的決議時，美國一如既往地投了反對票。(注102) | Though the United States repeatedly vowed to defend "human rights," it still has not ratified core human rights conventions of the UN, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women; the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The United States is the only country that is yet to ratify the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The United States also takes an uncooperative attitude towards international human rights issues. It often kept stalling or turned a deaf ear to criticisms leveled by the UN Human Rights Council special sessions and High Commissioners for Human Rights. On September 28, 2015 when the UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution related to development right, the United States, as always, voted against it (www.un.org). |
(注90) 空中戰(zhàn)爭跟蹤組織網(wǎng)站（airwars.org）。 (注91) 英國《獨立報》網(wǎng)站（www.independent.co.uk），2015年12月7日。 (注92) Sputnik news網(wǎng)站（sputniknews.com），2015年12月12日；美國廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)站（abcnews.go.com），2015年10月5日。 (注93) 英國《每日郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.dailymail.co.uk），2015年10月15日。 (注94) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年4月24日。 (注95) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年3月20日。 (注96) 美國參議院情報委員會報告，見www.intelligence.senate.gov。 (注97) 英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站（www.theguardian.com），2015年6月2日。 (注98) 聯(lián)合國新聞網(wǎng)（www.un.org），2016年1月11日。 (注99) 英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站（www.bbc.com），2015年4月30日。 (注100) 英國《獨立報》網(wǎng)站（www.independent.co.uk），2015年6月24日。 (注101) 英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站（www.theguardian.com），2015年12月30日。 (注102) 聯(lián)合國網(wǎng)站（www.un.org），聯(lián)合國文件A/HRC/30/L.12。 | |
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