【中英文對照】《中國的北極政策》白皮書(shū)
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-02-02 16:45:42 | 來(lái)源：中國網(wǎng) | 作者： | 責任編輯：李瀟國務(wù)院新聞辦公室26日發(fā)表《中國的北極政策》白皮書(shū)。全文如下： | The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China published a white paper titled "China's Arctic Policy" on Friday. Following is the full text of the white paper: | |
中國的北極政策 （2018年1月） 中華人民共和國國務(wù)院新聞辦公室 | China's Arctic Policy The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China January 2018 First Edition 2018 | |
目錄 | Contents | |
前言（1） | Foreword | |
一、北極的形勢與變化（2） | I. The Arctic Situation and Recent Changes | |
二、中國與北極的關(guān)系（4） | II. China and the Arctic | |
三、中國的北極政策目標和基本原則（7） | III. China's Policy Goals and Basic Principles on the Arctic | |
四、中國參與北極事務(wù)的主要政策主張（10） | IV. China's Policies and Positions on Participating in Arctic Affairs 1. Deepening the exploration and understanding of the Arctic 2. Protecting the eco-environment of the Arctic and addressing climate change 3. Utilizing Arctic Resources in a Lawful and Rational Manner 4. Participating Actively in Arctic governance and international cooperation 5. Promoting peace and stability in the Arctic Conclusion | |
結束語(yǔ)（22） | Conclusion | |
前言 | Foreword | |
近年來(lái)，全球氣候變暖，北極冰雪融化加速。在經(jīng)濟全球化、區域一體化不斷深入發(fā)展的背景下，北極在戰略、經(jīng)濟、科研、環(huán)保、航道、資源等方面的價(jià)值不斷提升，受到國際社會(huì )的普遍關(guān)注。北極問(wèn)題已超出北極國家間問(wèn)題和區域問(wèn)題的范疇，涉及北極域外國家的利益和國際社會(huì )的整體利益，攸關(guān)人類(lèi)生存與發(fā)展的共同命運，具有全球意義和國際影響。 | Global warming in recent years has accelerated the melting of ice and snow in the Arctic region. As economic globalization and regional integration further develops and deepens, the Arctic is gaining global significance for its rising strategic, economic values and those relating to scientific research, environmental protection, sea passages, and natural resources. The Arctic situation now goes beyond its original inter-Arctic States or regional nature, having a vital bearing on the interests of States outside the region and the interests of the international community as a whole, as well as on the survival, the development, and the shared future for mankind. It is an issue with global implications and international impacts. | |
中國倡導構建人類(lèi)命運共同體，是北極事務(wù)的積極參與者、建設者和貢獻者，努力為北極發(fā)展貢獻中國智慧和中國力量。為了闡明中國在北極問(wèn)題上的基本立場(chǎng)，闡釋中國參與北極事務(wù)的政策目標、基本原則和主要政策主張，指導中國相關(guān)部門(mén)和機構開(kāi)展北極活動(dòng)和北極合作，推動(dòng)有關(guān)各方更好參與北極治理，與國際社會(huì )一道共同維護和促進(jìn)北極的和平、穩定和可持續發(fā)展，中國政府發(fā)表本白皮書(shū)。 | A champion for the development of a community with a shared future for mankind, China is an active participant, builder and contributor in Arctic affairs who has spared no efforts to contribute its wisdom to the development of the Arctic region. The Chinese government hereby issues this white paper, to expound its basic positions on Arctic affairs, to elaborate on its policy goals, basic principles and major policies and positions regarding its engagement in Arctic affairs, to guide relevant Chinese government departments and institutions in Arctic-related activities and cooperation, to encourage relevant parties to get better involved in Arctic governance, and to work with the international community to safeguard and promote peace and stability in, and the sustainable development of, the Arctic. | |
一、北極的形勢與變化 | I. The Arctic Situation and Recent Changes | |
北極具有特殊的地理位置。地理上的北極通常指北極圈（約北緯66度34分）以北的陸海兼備的區域，總面積約2100萬(wàn)平方公里。在國際法語(yǔ)境下，北極包括歐洲、亞洲和北美洲的毗鄰北冰洋的北方大陸和相關(guān)島嶼，以及北冰洋中的國家管轄范圍內海域、公海和國際海底區域。北極事務(wù)沒(méi)有統一適用的單一國際條約，它由《聯(lián)合國憲章》《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》《斯匹次卑爾根群島條約》等國際條約和一般國際法予以規范。 | The Arctic is situated at a special geographical location. It commonly refers to the area of land and sea north of the Arctic Circle (approximately 66 degrees 34 minutes N), totaling about 21 million square kilometers. In the context of international law, the Arctic includes the northernmost landmasses of Europe, Asia and North America adjacent to the Arctic Ocean and the relevant islands, and a combination of sea areas within national jurisdiction, high seas, and the Area in the Arctic Ocean. There is no single comprehensive treaty for all Arctic affairs. The Charter of the United Nations, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Spitsbergen Treaty and other treaties and general international law govern Arctic affairs at present. | |
北極的大陸和島嶼面積約800萬(wàn)平方公里，有關(guān)大陸和島嶼的領(lǐng)土主權分別屬于加拿大、丹麥、芬蘭、冰島、挪威、俄羅斯、瑞典、美國八個(gè)北極國家。北冰洋海域的面積超過(guò)1200萬(wàn)平方公里，相關(guān)海洋權益根據國際法由沿岸國和各國分享。北冰洋沿岸國擁有內水、領(lǐng)海、毗連區、專(zhuān)屬經(jīng)濟區和大陸架等管轄海域，北冰洋中還有公海和國際海底區域。 | The continental and insular land territories in the Arctic cover an area of about 8 million square kilometers, with sovereignty over them belonging to Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States, respectively. The Arctic Ocean covers an area of more than 12 million square kilometers, in which coastal States and other States share maritime rights and interests in accordance with international law. These coastal States have within their jurisdiction internal waters, territorial seas, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones, and continental shelves in the Arctic Ocean. Certain areas of the Arctic Ocean form part of the high seas and the Area. | |
北極域外國家在北極不享有領(lǐng)土主權，但依據《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》等國際條約和一般國際法在北冰洋公海等海域享有科研、航行、飛越、捕魚(yú)、鋪設海底電纜和管道等權利，在國際海底區域享有資源勘探和開(kāi)發(fā)等權利。此外，《斯匹次卑爾根群島條約》締約國有權自由進(jìn)出北極特定區域，并依法在該特定區域內平等享有開(kāi)展科研以及從事生產(chǎn)和商業(yè)活動(dòng)的權利，包括狩獵、捕魚(yú)、采礦等。 | States from outside the Arctic region do not have territorial sovereignty in the Arctic, but they do have rights in respect of scientific research, navigation, overflight, fishing, laying of submarine cables and pipelines in the high seas and other relevant sea areas in the Arctic Ocean, and rights to resource exploration and exploitation in the Area, pursuant to treaties such as UNCLOS and general international law. In addition, Contracting Parties to the Spitsbergen Treaty enjoy the liberty of access and entry to certain areas of the Arctic, the right under conditions of equality and, in accordance with law, to the exercise and practice of scientific research, production and commercial activities such as hunting, fishing, and mining in these areas. | |
北極具有獨特的自然環(huán)境和豐富的資源，大部分海域常年被冰層覆蓋。當前，北極自然環(huán)境正經(jīng)歷快速變化。過(guò)去30多年間，北極地區溫度上升，使北極夏季海冰持續減少。據科學(xué)家預測，北極海域可能在本世紀中葉甚至更早出現季節性無(wú)冰現象。一方面，北極冰雪融化不僅導致北極自然環(huán)境變化，而且可能引發(fā)氣候變暖加速、海平面上升、極端天氣現象增多、生物多樣性受損等全球性問(wèn)題。另一方面，北極冰雪融化可能逐步改變北極開(kāi)發(fā)利用的條件，為各國商業(yè)利用北極航道和開(kāi)發(fā)北極資源提供機遇。北極的商業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)利用不僅將對全球航運、國際貿易和世界能源供應格局產(chǎn)生重要影響，對北極的經(jīng)濟社會(huì )發(fā)展帶來(lái)巨大變化，對北極居民和土著(zhù)人的生產(chǎn)和生活方式產(chǎn)生重要影響，還可能對北極生態(tài)環(huán)境造成潛在威脅。在處理涉北極全球性問(wèn)題方面，國際社會(huì )命運與共。 | The Arctic boasts a unique natural environment and rich resources, with most of its sea area covered under thick ice for most of the year. The Arctic natural environment is now undergoing rapid changes. Over the past three decades, temperature has been rising continuously in the Arctic, resulting in diminishing sea ice in summer. Scientists predict that by the middle of this century or even earlier, there may be no ice in the Arctic Ocean for part of the year. On the one hand, melting ice in the Arctic has led to changes in the natural environment, or possibly can result in accelerated global warming, rising sea levels, increased extreme weather events, damaged biodiversity, and other global problems. On the other, with the ice melted, conditions for the development of the Arctic may be gradually changed, offering opportunities for the commercial use of sea routes and development of resources in the region. Commercial activities in the region will have considerable impact on global shipping, international trade and energy supply, bring about major social and economic changes, and exert important influence on the way of work and life of Arctic residents including the indigenous peoples. They may also pose a potential threat to the ecological environment of the Arctic. The international community faces the same threat and shares the same future in addressing global issues concerning the Arctic. | |
二、中國與北極的關(guān)系 | II. China and the Arctic | |
中國是北極事務(wù)的重要利益攸關(guān)方。中國在地緣上是“近北極國家”，是陸上最接近北極圈的國家之一。北極的自然狀況及其變化對中國的氣候系統和生態(tài)環(huán)境有著(zhù)直接的影響，進(jìn)而關(guān)系到中國在農業(yè)、林業(yè)、漁業(yè)、海洋等領(lǐng)域的經(jīng)濟利益。 | China is an important stakeholder in Arctic affairs. Geographically, China is a "Near-Arctic State", one of the continental States that are closest to the Arctic Circle. The natural conditions of the Arctic and their changes have a direct impact on China's climate system and ecological environment, and, in turn, on its economic interests in agriculture, forestry, fishery, marine industry and other sectors. | |
同時(shí)，中國與北極的跨區域和全球性問(wèn)題息息相關(guān)，特別是北極的氣候變化、環(huán)境、科研、航道利用、資源勘探與開(kāi)發(fā)、安全、國際治理等問(wèn)題，關(guān)系到世界各國和人類(lèi)的共同生存與發(fā)展，與包括中國在內的北極域外國家的利益密不可分。中國在北冰洋公海、國際海底區域等海域和特定區域享有《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》《斯匹次卑爾根群島條約》等國際條約和一般國際法所規定的科研、航行、飛越、捕魚(yú)、鋪設海底電纜和管道、資源勘探與開(kāi)發(fā)等自由或權利。中國是聯(lián)合國安理會(huì )常任理事國，肩負著(zhù)共同維護北極和平與安全的重要使命。中國是世界貿易大國和能源消費大國，北極的航道和資源開(kāi)發(fā)利用可能對中國的能源戰略和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展產(chǎn)生巨大影響。中國的資金、技術(shù)、市場(chǎng)、知識和經(jīng)驗在拓展北極航道網(wǎng)絡(luò )和促進(jìn)航道沿岸國經(jīng)濟社會(huì )發(fā)展方面可望發(fā)揮重要作用。中國在北極與北極國家利益相融合，與世界各國休戚與共。 | China is also closely involved in the trans-regional and global issues in the Arctic, especially in such areas as climate change, environment, scientific research, utilization of shipping routes, resource exploration and exploitation, security, and global governance. These issues are vital to the existence and development of all countries and humanity, and directly affect the interests of non-Arctic States including China. China enjoys the freedom or rights of scientific research, navigation, overflight, fishing, laying of submarine cables and pipelines, and resource exploration and exploitation in the high seas, the Area and other relevant sea areas, and certain special areas in the Arctic Ocean, as stipulated in treaties such as the UNCLOS and the Spitsbergen Treaty, and general international law. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China shoulders the important mission of jointly promoting peace and security in the Arctic. The utilization of sea routes and exploration and development of the resources in the Arctic may have a huge impact on the energy strategy and economic development of China, which is a major trading nation and energy consumer in the world. China's capital, technology, market, knowledge and experience is expected to play a major role in expanding the network of shipping routes in the Arctic and facilitating the economic and social progress of the coastal States along the routes. China has shared interests with Arctic States and a shared future with the rest of the world in the Arctic. | |
中國參與北極事務(wù)由來(lái)已久。1925年，中國加入《斯匹次卑爾根群島條約》，正式開(kāi)啟參與北極事務(wù)的進(jìn)程。此后，中國關(guān)于北極的探索不斷深入，實(shí)踐不斷增加，活動(dòng)不斷擴展，合作不斷深化。1996年，中國成為國際北極科學(xué)委員會(huì )成員國，中國的北極科研活動(dòng)日趨活躍。從1999年起，中國以“雪龍”號科考船為平臺，成功進(jìn)行了多次北極科學(xué)考察。2004年，中國在斯匹次卑爾根群島的新奧爾松地區建成“中國北極黃河站”。截至2017年年底，中國在北極地區已成功開(kāi)展了八次北冰洋科學(xué)考察和14個(gè)年度的黃河站站基科學(xué)考察。借助船站平臺，中國在北極地區逐步建立起海洋、冰雪、大氣、生物、地質(zhì)等多學(xué)科觀(guān)測體系。2005年，中國成功承辦了涉北極事務(wù)高級別會(huì )議的北極科學(xué)高峰周活動(dòng)，開(kāi)亞洲國家承辦之先河。2013年，中國成為北極理事會(huì )正式觀(guān)察員。近年來(lái)，中國企業(yè)開(kāi)始積極探索北極航道的商業(yè)利用。中國的北極活動(dòng)已由單純的科學(xué)研究拓展至北極事務(wù)的諸多方面，涉及全球治理、區域合作、多邊和雙邊機制等多個(gè)層面，涵蓋科學(xué)研究、生態(tài)環(huán)境、氣候變化、經(jīng)濟開(kāi)發(fā)和人文交流等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域。作為國際社會(huì )的重要成員，中國對北極國際規則的制定和北極治理機制的構建發(fā)揮了積極作用。中國發(fā)起共建“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟帶”和“21世紀海上絲綢之路”（“一帶一路”）重要合作倡議，與各方共建“冰上絲綢之路”，為促進(jìn)北極地區互聯(lián)互通和經(jīng)濟社會(huì )可持續發(fā)展帶來(lái)合作機遇。 | China has long been involved in Arctic affairs. In 1925, China joined the Spitsbergen Treaty and started to participate in addressing the Arctic affairs. Since then, China has exerted more efforts in the exploration of the Arctic, expanding the scope of activities, gaining more experience and deepening cooperation with other participants. China's membership in the International Arctic Science Committee in 1996 marked its more active participation in scientific research in the Arctic. Since 1999, China has organized a number of scientific expeditions in the Arctic, with its research vessel Xue Long (Snow Dragon) as the platform. In 2004, China built the Arctic Yellow River Station in Ny Alesund in the Spitsbergen Archipelago. By the end of 2017, China has carried out eight scientific expeditions in the Arctic Ocean, and conducted research for 14 years with the Yellow River Station as the base. Using its research vessel and stations as platforms, China has gradually established a multi-discipline observation system covering the sea, ice and snow, atmosphere, biological, and geological system of the Arctic. The year 2005 saw China as the first Asian country to host the Arctic Science Summit Week, a high-level conference on Arctic affairs. In 2013, China became an accredited observer to the Arctic Council. In recent years, Chinese companies have begun to explore the commercial opportunities associated with Arctic shipping routes. China's activities in the Arctic have gone beyond mere scientific research, and expanded into diverse areas of Arctic affairs including the platforms of global governance, regional cooperation, and bilateral and multilateral affairs, and such disciplines as scientific research, ecological environment, climate change, economic development, and cultural exchanges. As an important member of the international community, China has played a constructive role in the formulation of Arctic-related international rules and the development of its governance system. The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road (Belt and Road Initiative), an important cooperation initiative of China, will bring opportunities for parties concerned to jointly build a "Polar Silk Road", and facilitate connectivity and sustainable economic and social development of the Arctic. | |
三、中國的北極政策目標和基本原則 | III. China's Policy Goals and Basic Principles on the Arctic | |
中國的北極政策目標是：認識北極、保護北極、利用北極和參與治理北極，維護各國和國際社會(huì )在北極的共同利益，推動(dòng)北極的可持續發(fā)展。 | China's policy goals on the Arctic are: to understand, protect, develop and participate in the governance of the Arctic, so as to safeguard the common interests of all countries and the international community in the Arctic, and promote sustainable development of the Arctic. | |
認識北極就是要提高北極的科學(xué)研究水平和能力，不斷深化對北極的科學(xué)認知和了解，探索北極變化和發(fā)展的客觀(guān)規律，為增強人類(lèi)保護、利用和治理北極的能力創(chuàng )造有利條件。 | To understand the Arctic,China will improve the capacity and capability in scientific research on the Arctic, pursue a deeper understanding and knowledge of the Arctic science, and explore the natural laws behind its changes and development, so as to create favorable conditions for mankind to better protect, develop, and govern the Arctic. | |
保護北極就是要積極應對北極氣候變化，保護北極獨特的自然環(huán)境和生態(tài)系統，不斷提升北極自身的氣候、環(huán)境和生態(tài)適應力，尊重多樣化的社會(huì )文化以及土著(zhù)人的歷史傳統。 | To protect the Arctic, China will actively respond to climate change in the Arctic, protect its unique natural environment and ecological system, promote its own climatic, environmental and ecological resilience, and respect its diverse social culture and the historical traditions of the indigenous peoples. | |
利用北極就是要不斷提高北極技術(shù)的應用水平和能力，不斷加強在技術(shù)創(chuàng )新、環(huán)境保護、資源利用、航道開(kāi)發(fā)等領(lǐng)域的北極活動(dòng)，促進(jìn)北極的經(jīng)濟社會(huì )發(fā)展和改善當地居民的生活條件，實(shí)現共同發(fā)展。 | To develop the Arctic, China will improve the capacity and capability in using applied Arctic technology, strengthen technological innovation, environmental protection, resource utilization, and development of shipping routes in the Arctic, and contribute to the economic and social development of the Arctic, improve the living conditions of the local people and strive for common development. | |
參與治理北極就是要依據規則、通過(guò)機制對北極事務(wù)和活動(dòng)進(jìn)行規范和管理。對外，中國堅持依據包括《聯(lián)合國憲章》《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》和氣候變化、環(huán)境等領(lǐng)域的國際條約以及國際海事組織有關(guān)規則在內的現有國際法框架，通過(guò)全球、區域、多邊和雙邊機制應對各類(lèi)傳統與非傳統安全挑戰，構建和維護公正、合理、有序的北極治理體系。對內，中國堅持依法規范和管理國內北極事務(wù)和活動(dòng)，穩步增強認識、保護和利用北極的能力，積極參與北極事務(wù)國際合作。 | To participate in the governance of the Arctic, China will participate in regulating and managing the affairs and activities relating to the Arctic on the basis of rules and mechanisms. Internationally, China is committed to the existing framework of international law including the UN Charter, UNCLOS, treaties on climate change and the environment, and relevant rules of the International Maritime Organization, and to addressing various traditional and non-traditional security threats through global, regional, multilateral and bilateral mechanisms, and to building and maintaining a just, reasonable and well-organized Arctic governance system. Domestically, China will regulate and manage Arctic-related affairs and activities within its jurisdiction in accordance with the law, steadily enhance its ability to understand, protect and develop the Arctic, and actively participate in international cooperation in Arctic affairs. | |
通過(guò)認識北極、保護北極、利用北極和參與治理北極，中國致力于同各國一道，在北極領(lǐng)域推動(dòng)構建人類(lèi)命運共同體。中國在追求本國利益時(shí)，將顧及他國利益和國際社會(huì )整體利益，兼顧北極保護與發(fā)展，平衡北極當前利益與長(cháng)遠利益，以推動(dòng)北極的可持續發(fā)展。 | Through all the above efforts to understand, protect, develop and participate in the governance of the Arctic, China will work with all other countries to build a community with a shared future for mankind in the Arctic region. While pursuing its own interests, China will pay due regard to the interests of other countries and the broader international community, bear in mind the importance of the protection and development of the Arctic, and of keeping in proper balance its current and long-term interests, so as to promote the sustainable development of the Arctic. | |
為了實(shí)現上述政策目標，中國本著(zhù)“尊重、合作、共贏(yíng)、可持續”的基本原則參與北極事務(wù)。 | In order to realize the above-mentioned policy goals, China will participate in Arctic affairs in accordance with the basic principles of "respect, cooperation, win-win result and sustainability". | |
尊重是中國參與北極事務(wù)的重要基礎。尊重就是要相互尊重，包括各國都應遵循《聯(lián)合國憲章》《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》等國際條約和一般國際法，尊重北極國家在北極享有的主權、主權權利和管轄權，尊重北極土著(zhù)人的傳統和文化，也包括尊重北極域外國家依法在北極開(kāi)展活動(dòng)的權利和自由，尊重國際社會(huì )在北極的整體利益。 | "Respect" is the key basis for China's participation in Arctic affairs. Respect should be reciprocal. It means all States should abide by international treaties such as the UN Charter and the UNCLOS, as well as general international law. They should respect the sovereignty, sovereign rights, and jurisdiction enjoyed by the Arctic States in this region, respect the tradition and culture of the indigenous peoples, as well as respect the rights and freedom of non-Arctic States to carry out activities in this region in accordance with the law, and respect the overall interests of the international community in the Arctic. | |
合作是中國參與北極事務(wù)的有效途徑。合作就是要在北極建立多層次、全方位、寬領(lǐng)域的合作關(guān)系。通過(guò)全球、區域、多邊和雙邊等多層次的合作形式，推動(dòng)北極域內外國家、政府間國際組織、非國家實(shí)體等眾多利益攸關(guān)方共同參與，在氣候變化、科研、環(huán)保、航道、資源、人文等領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行全方位的合作。 | "Cooperation" is an effective means for China's participation in Arctic affairs. It means establishing a relationship of multi-level, omni-dimensional and wide-ranging cooperation in this area. Through global, regional, multilateral and bilateral channels, all stakeholders - including States from both inside and outside the Arctic, intergovernmental organizations, and non-state entities - are encouraged to take part in cooperation on climate change, scientific research, environmental protection, shipping route development, resource utilization and cultural activities. | |
共贏(yíng)是中國參與北極事務(wù)的價(jià)值追求。共贏(yíng)就是要在北極事務(wù)各利益攸關(guān)方之間追求互利互惠，以及在各活動(dòng)領(lǐng)域之間追求和諧共進(jìn)。不僅要實(shí)現各參與方之間的共贏(yíng)，確保北極國家、域外國家和非國家實(shí)體的普惠，并顧及北極居民和土著(zhù)人群體的利益，而且要實(shí)現北極各領(lǐng)域活動(dòng)的協(xié)調發(fā)展，確保北極的自然保護和社會(huì )發(fā)展相統一。 | "Win-win result" is the value pursuit of China's participation in Arctic affairs. It means all stakeholders in this area should pursue mutual benefit and common progress in all fields of activities. Such cooperation should ensure that the benefits are shared by both Arctic and non-Arctic States as well as by non-state entities, and should accommodate the interests of local residents including the indigenous peoples. It should also help to promote coordinated development of activities in all fields to ensure the harmony between natural conservation and social development. | |
可持續是中國參與北極事務(wù)的根本目標。可持續就是要在北極推動(dòng)環(huán)境保護、資源開(kāi)發(fā)利用和人類(lèi)活動(dòng)的可持續性，致力于北極的永續發(fā)展。實(shí)現北極人與自然的和諧共存，實(shí)現生態(tài)環(huán)境保護與經(jīng)濟社會(huì )發(fā)展的有機協(xié)調，實(shí)現開(kāi)發(fā)利用與管理保護的平衡兼顧，實(shí)現當代人利益與后代人利益的代際公平。 | "Sustainability" is the fundamental goal of China's participation in Arctic affairs. This means promoting the sustainable development of the Arctic by ensuring the sustainability of environmental protection, resource utilization and human activities in the area. It means realizing harmonious coexistence between man and nature, better coordination between ecological protection, economic growth and social progress, better balance between utilization, management and protection, and intergenerational equity. | |
四、中國參與北極事務(wù)的主要政策主張 | IV. China's Policies and Positions on Participating in Arctic Affairs | |
中國參與北極事務(wù)堅持科研先導，強調保護環(huán)境、主張合理利用、倡導依法治理和國際合作，并致力于維護和平、安全、穩定的北極秩序。 | When participating in Arctic affairs, China prioritizes scientific research, underscores the importance of environmental protection, rational utilization, law-based governance and international cooperation, and commits itself to maintaining a peaceful, secure and stable Arctic order. | |
（一）不斷深化對北極的探索和認知 | 1. Deepening the exploration and understanding of the Arctic | |
北極具有重要的科研價(jià)值。探索和認知北極是中國北極活動(dòng)的優(yōu)先方向和重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域。 | The Arctic holds great value for scientific research. To explore and understand the Arctic serves as the priority and focus for China in its Arctic activities. | |
中國積極推動(dòng)北極科學(xué)考察和研究。中國尊重北極國家對其國家管轄范圍內北極科考活動(dòng)的專(zhuān)屬管轄權，主張通過(guò)合作依法在北極國家管轄區域內開(kāi)展北極科考活動(dòng)，堅持各國在北冰洋公海享有科研自由。中國積極開(kāi)展北極地質(zhì)、地理、冰雪、水文、氣象、海冰、生物、生態(tài)、地球物理、海洋化學(xué)等領(lǐng)域的多學(xué)科科學(xué)考察；積極參與北極氣候與環(huán)境變化的監測和評估，通過(guò)建立北極多要素協(xié)同觀(guān)測體系，合作建設科學(xué)考察或觀(guān)測站、建設和參與北極觀(guān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò )，對大氣、海洋、海冰、冰川、土壤、生物生態(tài)、環(huán)境質(zhì)量等要素進(jìn)行多層次和多領(lǐng)域的連續觀(guān)測。中國致力于提高北極科學(xué)考察和研究的能力建設，加強北極科考站點(diǎn)和科考船只等保障平臺的建設與維護并提升其功能，推進(jìn)極地科學(xué)考察破冰船的建造工作等。 | China actively promotes scientific expedition and research in the Arctic. China respects the Arctic States' exclusive jurisdiction over research activities under their national jurisdiction, maintains that scientific research in areas under the jurisdiction of Arctic States should be carried out through cooperation in accordance with the law, and stresses that all States have the freedom of scientific research on the high seas of the Arctic Ocean. China is actively involved in multi-disciplinary research including Arctic geology, geography, ice and snow, hydrology, meteorology, sea ice, biology, ecology, geophysics and marine chemistry. It actively participates in monitoring and assessing local climatic and environmental changes, and carries out multi-level and multi-domain continuous observation of atmosphere, sea, sea ice, glaciers, soil, bio-ecological character and environmental quality through the establishment of multi-element Arctic observation system, construction of cooperative research (observation) stations, and development of and participation in the Arctic observation network. China is committed to improving its capacity in Arctic expedition and research, strengthening the construction, maintenance and functions of research stations, vessels and other supporting platforms in the Arctic, and promoting the building of icebreakers for scientific purposes. | |
中國支持和鼓勵北極科研活動(dòng)，不斷加大北極科研投入的力度，支持構建現代化的北極科研平臺，努力提高北極科研能力和水平。大力開(kāi)展北極自然科學(xué)研究，加強北極氣候變化和生態(tài)環(huán)境研究，進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)物理、化學(xué)、生命、地球等基礎學(xué)科的發(fā)展。不斷加強北極社會(huì )科學(xué)研究，包括北極政治、經(jīng)濟、法律、社會(huì )、歷史、文化以及北極活動(dòng)管理等方面，促進(jìn)北極自然科學(xué)和社會(huì )科學(xué)研究的協(xié)同創(chuàng )新。加強北極人才培養和科普教育，支持高校和科研機構培養北極自然和社會(huì )科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)業(yè)人才，建立北極科普教育基地，出版北極相關(guān)文化產(chǎn)品，提高公民的北極意識。積極推進(jìn)北極科研國際合作，推動(dòng)建立開(kāi)放包容的國際北極環(huán)境監測網(wǎng)絡(luò )，支持通過(guò)國際北極科學(xué)委員會(huì )等平臺開(kāi)展務(wù)實(shí)合作，鼓勵中國科學(xué)家開(kāi)展北極國際學(xué)術(shù)交流與合作，推動(dòng)中國高校和科研機構加盟“北極大學(xué)”協(xié)作網(wǎng)絡(luò )。 | China supports and encourages research activities in the Arctic by constantly increasing investment in scientific research, building modernized research platforms, and improving the capacity in, and level of, research on the Arctic. It is making a greater effort to advance research in the fields of natural science, climate change and ecological environment, accelerate the development of basic subjects such as physics, chemistry, life science and earth science, strengthen social science research including Arctic politics, economy, law, society, history, culture and management of Arctic activities, and promote innovation in both natural and social sciences. It is also working to strengthen personnel training and public awareness of the Arctic, support higher learning and research institutions to train professionals specialized in natural and social sciences on the Arctic, build science popularization and education centers, and publish cultural products on the Arctic to improve public knowledge. It actively promotes international cooperation on Arctic research, pushes for an open and inclusive international monitoring network of the Arctic environment, supports pragmatic cooperation through platforms such as the International Arctic Science Committee, encourages Chinese scientists to carry out international academic exchanges and cooperation on the Arctic, and encourages Chinese higher learning and research institutions to join the network of the University of the Arctic. | |
技術(shù)裝備是認知、利用和保護北極的基礎。中國鼓勵發(fā)展注重生態(tài)環(huán)境保護的極地技術(shù)裝備，積極參與北極開(kāi)發(fā)的基礎設施建設，推動(dòng)深海遠洋考察、冰區勘探、大氣和生物觀(guān)測等領(lǐng)域的裝備升級，促進(jìn)在北極海域石油與天然氣鉆采、可再生能源開(kāi)發(fā)、冰區航行和監測以及新型冰級船舶建造等方面的技術(shù)創(chuàng )新。 | The availability of technical equipment is essential to understanding, utilizing and protecting the Arctic. China encourages the development of environment-friendly polar technical equipment, actively participates in the building of infrastructure for Arctic development, pushes for the upgrade of equipment in the fields of deep sea exploration, ice zone prospecting, and atmosphere and biology observation, and promotes technology innovation in Arctic oil and gas drilling and exploitation, renewable energy development, navigation and monitoring in ice zones, and construction of new-type icebreakers. | |
（二）保護北極生態(tài)環(huán)境和應對氣候變化 | 2. Protecting the eco-environment of the Arctic and addressing climate change | |
中國堅持依據國際法保護北極自然環(huán)境，保護北極生態(tài)系統，養護北極生物資源，積極參與應對北極環(huán)境和氣候變化的挑戰。 | China follows international law in the protection of the natural environment and ecosystem of the Arctic and conservation of its biological resources, and takes an active part in addressing the challenges of environmental and climate change in the Arctic. | |
1. 保護環(huán)境 | (1) Protecting the Environment | |
中國始終把解決全球性環(huán)境問(wèn)題放在首要地位，認真履行有關(guān)國際條約的義務(wù)，承擔環(huán)境保護責任。中國積極參加北極環(huán)境治理，加強北極活動(dòng)的環(huán)境影響研究和環(huán)境背景調查，尊重北極國家的相關(guān)環(huán)保法規，強化環(huán)境管理并推動(dòng)環(huán)境合作。 | China always gives top priority to resolving global environmental issues, earnestly fulfills its obligations under relevant treaties, and discharges its responsibility of environmental protection. China is actively engaged in improving the Arctic environment by enhancing the environmental background investigation of Arctic activities and the assessment of their environmental impact. It respects the environmental protection laws and regulations of the Arctic States and calls for stronger environmental management and cooperation. | |
海洋環(huán)境是北極環(huán)境保護的重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域。中國支持北冰洋沿岸國依照國際條約減少北極海域陸源污染物的努力，致力于提高公民和企業(yè)的環(huán)境責任意識，與各國一道加強對船舶排放、海洋傾廢、大氣污染等各類(lèi)海洋環(huán)境污染源的管控，切實(shí)保護北極海洋環(huán)境。 | The marine environment is a key area for Arctic environmental protection. China supports the Arctic coastal States in their efforts to reduce pollutants in the Arctic waters from land-based sources, in accordance with the relevant treaties, and commits itself to raising the environmental responsibility awareness of its citizens and enterprises. In order to effectively protect the marine environment of the Arctic, China works with other States to enhance control of the sources of marine pollution such as ship discharge, offshore dumping, and air pollution. | |
2. 保護生態(tài) | (2) Protecting the Eco-system | |
北極是全球多種瀕危野生動(dòng)植物的重要分布區域。中國重視北極可持續發(fā)展和生物多樣性保護，開(kāi)展全球變化與人類(lèi)活動(dòng)對北極生態(tài)系統影響的科學(xué)評估，加強對北極候鳥(niǎo)及其棲息地的保護，開(kāi)展北極候鳥(niǎo)遷徙規律研究，提升北極生態(tài)系統的適應能力和自我恢復能力，推進(jìn)在北極物種保護方面的國際合作。 | The Arctic is home to several endangered species of wild fauna and flora from around the globe. China attaches importance to the sustainable development and biodiversity protection of the Arctic. It conducts scientific evaluation of the impact on the Arctic ecological system caused by global climate change and human activities, strengthens protection of migratory birds and their habitats, organizes research on the migration patterns of Arctic migratory birds, improves the adaptability and resilience of the Arctic ecological system, and advances international cooperation in the protection of Arctic species of fauna and flora. | |
3. 應對氣候變化 | (3) Addressing climate change | |
應對北極氣候變化是全球氣候治理的重要環(huán)節。中國一貫高度重視氣候變化問(wèn)題，已將落實(shí)“國家自主貢獻”等應對氣候變化的措施列入國家整體發(fā)展議程和規劃，為《巴黎協(xié)定》的締結發(fā)揮了重要作用。中國的減排措施對北極的氣候生態(tài)環(huán)境具有積極影響。中國致力于研究北極物質(zhì)能量交換過(guò)程及其機理，評估北極與全球氣候變化的相互作用，預測未來(lái)氣候變化對北極自然資源和生態(tài)環(huán)境的潛在風(fēng)險，推動(dòng)北極冰凍圈科學(xué)的發(fā)展。加強應對氣候變化的宣傳、教育，提高公眾對氣候變化問(wèn)題的認知水平，促進(jìn)應對北極氣候變化的國際合作。 | Addressing climate change in the Arctic is an important part of global climate governance. China consistently takes the issue of climate change seriously. It has included measures to deal with climate change such as Nationally Determined Contributions in its overall national development agenda and planning, and has made significant contributions to the conclusion of the Paris Agreement. China's emission reduction measures have a positive impact on the climatic and ecological environment of the Arctic. China is committed to studying the substance and energy exchange process and mechanisms of the Arctic, evaluating the interaction between the Arctic and global climate change, predicting potential risks posed by future climate change to the Arctic's natural resources and ecological environment, and advancing Arctic cryospheric sciences. It strengthens publicity and education on addressing climate change to raise the public's awareness of the issue, and promotes international cooperation in addressing climate change in the Arctic. | |
（三）依法合理利用北極資源 | 3. Utilizing Arctic Resources in a Lawful and Rational Manner | |
北極資源豐富，但生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱。中國倡導保護和合理利用北極，鼓勵企業(yè)利用自身的資金、技術(shù)和國內市場(chǎng)優(yōu)勢，通過(guò)國際合作開(kāi)發(fā)利用北極資源。中國一貫主張，開(kāi)發(fā)利用北極的活動(dòng)應遵循《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》《斯匹次卑爾根群島條約》等國際條約和一般國際法，尊重北極國家的相關(guān)法律，并在保護北極生態(tài)環(huán)境、尊重北極土著(zhù)人的利益和關(guān)切的前提下，以可持續的方式進(jìn)行。 | The Arctic has abundant resources, but a fragile ecosystem. China advocates protection and rational use of the region and encourages its enterprises to engage in international cooperation on the exploration for and utilization of Arctic resources by making the best use of their advantages in capital, technology and domestic market. China maintains that all activities to explore and utilize the Arctic should abide by treaties such as the UNCLOS and the Spitsbergen Treaty as well as general international law, respect the laws of the Arctic States, and proceed in a sustainable way on the condition of properly protecting the eco-environment of the Arctic and respecting the interests and concerns of the indigenous peoples in the region. | |
1. 參與北極航道開(kāi)發(fā)利用 | (1) China's participation in the development of Arctic shipping routes | |
北極航道包括東北航道、西北航道和中央航道。全球變暖使北極航道有望成為國際貿易的重要運輸干線(xiàn)。中國尊重北極國家依法對其國家管轄范圍內海域行使立法權、執法權和司法權，主張根據《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》等國際條約和一般國際法管理北極航道，保障各國依法享有的航行自由以及利用北極航道的權利。中國主張有關(guān)國家應依據國際法妥善解決北極航道有關(guān)爭議。 | The Arctic shipping routes comprise the Northeast Passage, Northwest Passage, and the Central Passage. As a result of global warming, the Arctic shipping routes are likely to become important transport routes for international trade. China respects the legislative, enforcement and adjudicatory powers of the Arctic States in the waters subject to their jurisdiction. China maintains that the management of the Arctic shipping routes should be conducted in accordance with treaties including the UNCLOS and general international law and that the freedom of navigation enjoyed by all countries in accordance with the law and their rights to use the Arctic shipping routes should be ensured. China maintains that disputes over the Arctic shipping routes should be properly settled in accordance with international law. | |
中國愿依托北極航道的開(kāi)發(fā)利用，與各方共建“冰上絲綢之路”。中國鼓勵企業(yè)參與北極航道基礎設施建設，依法開(kāi)展商業(yè)試航，穩步推進(jìn)北極航道的商業(yè)化利用和常態(tài)化運行。中國重視北極航道的航行安全，積極開(kāi)展北極航道研究，不斷加強航運水文調查，提高北極航行、安全和后勤保障能力。切實(shí)遵守《極地水域船舶航行安全規則》，支持國際海事組織在北極航運規則制定方面發(fā)揮積極作用。主張在北極航道基礎設施建設和運營(yíng)方面加強國際合作。 | China hopes to work with all parties to build a "Polar Silk Road" through developing the Arctic shipping routes. It encourages its enterprises to participate in the infrastructure construction for these routes and conduct commercial trial voyages in accordance with the law to pave the way for their commercial and regularized operation. China attaches great importance to navigation security in the Arctic shipping routes. It has actively conducted studies on these routes and continuously strengthened hydrographic surveys with the aim to improving the navigation, security and logistical capacities in the Arctic. China abides by the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code), and supports the International Maritime Organization in playing an active role in formulating navigational rules for the Arctic. China calls for stronger international cooperation on infrastructure construction and operation of the Arctic routes. | |
2. 參與油氣和礦產(chǎn)等非生物資源的開(kāi)發(fā)利用 | (2) Participating in the exploration for and exploitation of oil, gas, mineral and other non-living resources | |
中國尊重北極國家根據國際法對其國家管轄范圍內油氣和礦產(chǎn)資源享有的主權權利，尊重北極地區居民的利益和關(guān)切，要求企業(yè)遵守相關(guān)國家的法律并開(kāi)展資源開(kāi)發(fā)風(fēng)險評估，支持企業(yè)通過(guò)各種合作形式，在保護北極生態(tài)環(huán)境的前提下參與北極油氣和礦產(chǎn)資源開(kāi)發(fā)。 | China respects the sovereign rights of Arctic States over oil, gas and mineral resources in the areas subject to their jurisdiction in accordance with international law, and respects the interests and concerns of residents in the region. It requires its enterprises to observe the laws of the relevant States and conduct risk assessments for resource exploration, and encourages them to participate in the exploitation of oil, gas and mineral resources in the Arctic, through cooperation in various forms and on the condition of properly protecting the eco-environment of the Arctic. | |
北極富含地熱、風(fēng)能等清潔能源。中國致力于加強與北極國家的清潔能源合作，推動(dòng)與北極國家在清潔能源開(kāi)發(fā)的技術(shù)、人才和經(jīng)驗方面開(kāi)展交流，探索清潔能源的供應和替代利用，實(shí)現低碳發(fā)展。 | The Arctic region boasts an abundance of geothermal, wind, and other clean energy resources. China will work with the Arctic States to strengthen clean energy cooperation, increase exchanges in respect of technology, personnel and experience in this field, explore the supply of clean energy and energy substitution, and pursue low-carbon development. | |
3. 參與漁業(yè)等生物資源的養護和利用 | (3) Participating in conservation and utilization of fisheries and other living resources | |
魚(yú)類(lèi)資源受氣候變化等因素影響出現向北遷移趨勢，北冰洋未來(lái)可能成為新漁場(chǎng)。中國在北冰洋公海漁業(yè)問(wèn)題上一貫堅持科學(xué)養護、合理利用的立場(chǎng)，主張各國依法享有在北冰洋公海從事漁業(yè)資源研究和開(kāi)發(fā)利用活動(dòng)的權利，同時(shí)承擔養護漁業(yè)資源和保護生態(tài)系統的義務(wù)。 | As fish stocks have shown a tendency to move northwards due to climate change and other factors, the Arctic has the potential to become a new fishing ground in the future. As regards fishing in the high seas in the Arctic Ocean, China has consistently held a firm stance in favor of conservation in a scientific manner and of rational use, and maintains that, while enjoying their lawful right to conduct fisheries research and development in the high seas in the Arctic Ocean, all States should fulfill their obligations to conserve the fishery resources and the ecosystem in the region. | |
中國支持就北冰洋公海漁業(yè)管理制定有法律拘束力的國際協(xié)定，支持基于《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》建立北冰洋公海漁業(yè)管理組織或出臺有關(guān)制度安排。中國致力于加強對北冰洋公海漁業(yè)資源的調查與研究，適時(shí)開(kāi)展探捕活動(dòng)，建設性地參與北冰洋公海漁業(yè)治理。中國愿加強與北冰洋沿岸國合作研究、養護和開(kāi)發(fā)漁業(yè)資源。中國堅持保護北極生物多樣性，倡導透明合理地勘探和使用北極遺傳資源，公平公正地分享和利用遺傳資源產(chǎn)生的惠益。 | China supports efforts to formulate a legally binding international agreement on the management of fisheries in the high seas portion of the Arctic Ocean. China also supports the establishment of an Arctic fisheries management organization or making other institutional arrangements based on the UNCLOS. China will strengthen survey on and research into the fishery resources in the high seas in the Arctic, carry out appropriate exploratory fishing, and play a constructive part in the management of fisheries in the high seas in the Arctic Ocean. China hopes to strengthen cooperation with the Arctic coastal States on the research, conservation, and utilization of fishery resources. China is committed to properly protecting Arctic biodiversity and advocates transparent and reasonable exploration and utilization of Arctic genetic resources, and fair and equitable sharing and use of the benefits generated by the exploitation of such resources. | |
4. 參與旅游資源開(kāi)發(fā) | (4) Participating in developing tourism resources | |
北極旅游是新興的北極活動(dòng)，中國是北極游客的來(lái)源國之一。中國支持和鼓勵企業(yè)與北極國家合作開(kāi)發(fā)北極旅游資源，主張不斷完善北極旅游安全、保險保障和救援保障體系，切實(shí)保障各國游客的安全。堅持對北極旅游從業(yè)機構與人員進(jìn)行培訓和監管，致力于提高中國游客的北極環(huán)保意識，積極倡導北極的低碳旅游、生態(tài)旅游和負責任旅游，推動(dòng)北極旅游業(yè)可持續發(fā)展。 | Arctic tourism is an emerging industry, and China is a source of tourists to the Arctic. China supports and encourages its enterprises to cooperate with Arctic States in developing tourism in the region, and calls for continuous efforts to enhance security, insurance, and rescue systems to ensure the safety of tourists in the Arctic. China conducts training for and regulates Chinese tourism agencies and professionals involved in Arctic tourism, and endeavors to raise the environmental awareness of Chinese tourists. China advocates low-carbon tourism, ecotourism, and responsible tourism, and hopes to contribute to the sustainable development of Arctic tourism. | |
中國堅持在尊重北極地區居民和土著(zhù)人的傳統和文化，保護其獨特的生活方式和價(jià)值觀(guān)，以及尊重北極國家為加強北極地區居民能力建設、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟社會(huì )發(fā)展、提高教育和醫療水平所作努力的前提下，參與北極資源開(kāi)發(fā)利用，使北極地區居民和土著(zhù)人成為北極開(kāi)發(fā)的真正受益者。 | China takes part in the development and utilization of Arctic resources on the condition of respecting the traditions and cultures of the Arctic residents including the indigenous peoples, preserving their unique lifestyles and values, and respecting the efforts made by the Arctic States to empower the local citizens, foster their social and economic progress, and improve education and medical services, so that the Arctic residents, including the indigenous peoples, will truly benefit from the development of Arctic resources. | |
（四）積極參與北極治理和國際合作 | 4. Participating Actively in Arctic governance and international cooperation | |
中國主張構建和完善北極治理機制。堅持依法規范、管理和監督中國公民、法人或者其他組織的北極活動(dòng)，努力確保相關(guān)活動(dòng)符合國際法并尊重有關(guān)國家在環(huán)境保護、資源養護和可持續利用方面的國內法，切實(shí)加強中國北極對外政策和事務(wù)的統籌協(xié)調。在此基礎上，中國積極參與北極國際治理，堅持維護以《聯(lián)合國憲章》和《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》為核心的現行北極國際治理體系，努力在北極國際規則的制定、解釋、適用和發(fā)展中發(fā)揮建設性作用，維護各國和國際社會(huì )的共同利益。 | China is committed to improving and complementing the Arctic governance regime. China has worked to regulate and supervise the activities of Chinese citizens, legal persons or other organizations in the Arctic in accordance with the law to ensure that their activities accord with international law and respect the relevant national laws on environmental protection, resource conservation, and sustainable development. And it has endeavored to strengthen overall coordination of its Arctic policy and related affairs. Furthermore, China takes an active part in the international governance of the Arctic. China upholds the current Arctic governance system with the UN Charter and the UNCLOS as its core, plays a constructive part in the making, interpretation, application and development of international rules regarding the Arctic, and safeguards the common interests of all nations and the international community. | |
中國主張穩步推進(jìn)北極國際合作。加強共建“一帶一路”倡議框架下關(guān)于北極領(lǐng)域的國際合作，堅持共商、共建、共享原則，重點(diǎn)開(kāi)展以政策溝通、設施聯(lián)通、貿易暢通、資金融通、民心相通為主要內容的務(wù)實(shí)合作，包括加強與北極國家發(fā)展戰略對接、積極推動(dòng)共建經(jīng)北冰洋連接歐洲的藍色經(jīng)濟通道、積極促進(jìn)北極數字互聯(lián)互通和逐步構建國際性基礎設施網(wǎng)絡(luò )等。中方愿與各方以北極為紐帶增進(jìn)共同福祉、發(fā)展共同利益。 | China stands for steadily advancing international cooperation on the Arctic. It has worked to strengthen such cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative according to the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits and emphasized policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and closer people-to-people ties. Concrete cooperation steps include coordinating development strategies with the Arctic States, encouraging joint efforts to build a blue economic passage linking China and Europe via the Arctic Ocean, enhancing Arctic digital connectivity, and building a global infrastructure network. China hopes to work for the common good of all parties and further common interests through the Arctic. | |
在全球層面，中國積極參與全球環(huán)境、氣候變化、國際海事、公海漁業(yè)管理等領(lǐng)域的規則制定，依法全面履行相關(guān)國際義務(wù)。中國不斷加強與各國和國際組織的環(huán)保合作，大力推進(jìn)節能減排和綠色低碳發(fā)展，積極推動(dòng)全球應對氣候變化進(jìn)程與合作，堅持公平、共同但有區別的責任原則和各自能力原則，推動(dòng)發(fā)達國家履行在《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》《京都議定書(shū)》《巴黎協(xié)定》中作出的承諾，為發(fā)展中國家應對氣候變化提供支持。中國建設性地參與國際海事組織事務(wù)，積極履行保障海上航行安全、防止船舶對海洋環(huán)境造成污染等國際責任。中國主張加強國際海事技術(shù)合作，在國際海事組織框架內尋求全球協(xié)調一致的海運溫室氣體減排解決方案。中國積極參與北冰洋公海漁業(yè)管理問(wèn)題相關(guān)談判，主張通過(guò)制定有法律拘束力的國際協(xié)定管理北冰洋公海漁業(yè)資源，允許在北冰洋公海開(kāi)展漁業(yè)科學(xué)研究和探捕活動(dòng)，各國依據國際法享有的公海自由不受影響。 | At the global level, China actively participates in the formulation of rules concerning the global environment, climate change, international maritime issues, and high seas fisheries management, and fulfills all its international obligations in accordance with the law. China expands cooperation with various States and international organizations in environmental protection, and promotes energy conservation, emissions reduction, and low-carbon development. China also promotes global cooperation in tackling climate change, and upholds the principles of equity, common but differentiated responsibilities, and respective capabilities. It urges developed countries to fulfill their commitments under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement, and provides support to fellow developing countries in addressing climate change. China plays a constructive role in the work of the International Maritime Organization, and makes solid efforts to fulfill its international responsibilities for ensuring maritime navigational security and preventing its ships from polluting the maritime environment. China advocates stronger international cooperation in maritime technology and a globally coordinated solution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport under the International Maritime Organization framework. China takes an active part in negotiations over high seas fisheries regulation in the Arctic, and calls for a legally binding international agreement for managing fishery resources in the high seas portion of the Arctic. The agreement should allow scientific research and exploratory fishing activities in the high seas portion of the Arctic, and protect the freedom of all States on the high seas in accordance with international law. | |
在區域層面，中國積極參與政府間北極區域性機制。中國是北極理事會(huì )正式觀(guān)察員，高度重視北極理事會(huì )在北極事務(wù)中發(fā)揮的積極作用，認可北極理事會(huì )是關(guān)于北極環(huán)境與可持續發(fā)展等問(wèn)題的主要政府間論壇。中國信守申請成為北極理事會(huì )觀(guān)察員時(shí)所作各項承諾，全力支持北極理事會(huì )工作，委派專(zhuān)家參與北極理事會(huì )及其工作組和特別任務(wù)組的活動(dòng)，尊重北極理事會(huì )通過(guò)的《北極海空搜救合作協(xié)定》《北極海洋油污預防與反應合作協(xié)定》《加強北極國際科學(xué)合作協(xié)定》。中國支持通過(guò)北極科技部長(cháng)會(huì )議等平臺開(kāi)展國際合作。 | At the regional level, China takes an active part in Arctic inter-governmental mechanisms. China, as an accredited observer to the Arctic Council, highly values the Council's positive role in Arctic affairs, and recognizes it as the main inter-governmental forum on issues regarding the environment and sustainable development of the Arctic. China stands by the commitments it made when applying to become an observer to the Council. It fully supports the work of the Council, and dispatches experts to participate in the work of the Council including its Working Groups and Task Forces. China respects the Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic, the Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic, and the Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation, all adopted by the Arctic Council. China also supports international cooperation through such platforms as the Arctic Science Ministerial Meeting. | |
在多邊和雙邊層面，中國積極推動(dòng)在北極各領(lǐng)域的務(wù)實(shí)合作，特別是大力開(kāi)展在氣候變化、科考、環(huán)保、生態(tài)、航道和資源開(kāi)發(fā)、海底光纜建設、人文交流和人才培養等領(lǐng)域的溝通與合作。中國主張在北極國家與域外國家之間建立合作伙伴關(guān)系，已與所有北極國家開(kāi)展北極事務(wù)雙邊磋商。2010年，中美建立了海洋法和極地事務(wù)年度對話(huà)機制。自2013年起，中俄持續舉行北極事務(wù)對話(huà)。2012年，中國與冰島簽署《中華人民共和國政府與冰島共和國政府關(guān)于北極合作的框架協(xié)議》，這是中國與北極國家締結的首份北極領(lǐng)域專(zhuān)門(mén)協(xié)議。中國重視發(fā)展與其他北極域外國家之間的合作，已同英國、法國開(kāi)展雙邊海洋法和極地事務(wù)對話(huà)。2016年，中國、日本、韓國啟動(dòng)北極事務(wù)高級別對話(huà)，推動(dòng)三國在加強北極國際合作、開(kāi)展科學(xué)研究和探索商業(yè)合作等方面交流分享相關(guān)政策、實(shí)踐和經(jīng)驗。 | At the bilateral and multilateral levels, China promotes practical cooperation in all fields, especially regarding climate change, scientific expeditions, environmental protection, ecosystems, shipping routes, resource development, submarine fiber-optic cables, cultural exchanges, and capacity building. China proposes to form cooperative partnerships between Arctic and non-Arctic States, and has carried out bilateral consultations on Arctic affairs with all Arctic States. In 2010, China and the United States set up an annual dialogue mechanism for bilateral dialogues on the law of the sea and polar issues. Since 2013, China and Russia have been conducting dialogues on Arctic issues. In 2012, China and Iceland signed the Framework Agreement on Arctic Cooperation, which was the first inter-governmental agreement on Arctic issues between China and an Arctic State. China also values cooperation with other non-Arctic States. It has conducted bilateral dialogues on the law of the sea and polar issues with the United Kingdom and France. In 2016, China, Japan and the Republic of Korea launched high-level trilateral dialogues on Arctic issues to promote exchanges on policies, practices, and experience regarding Arctic international cooperation, scientific research, and commercial cooperation. | |
中國支持各利益攸關(guān)方共同參與北極治理和國際合作。支持“北極－對話(huà)區域”、北極圈論壇、“北極前沿”、中國－北歐北極研究中心等平臺在促進(jìn)各利益攸關(guān)方交流合作方面發(fā)揮作用。支持科研機構和企業(yè)發(fā)揮自身優(yōu)勢參與北極治理，鼓勵科研機構與外國智庫、學(xué)術(shù)機構開(kāi)展交流和對話(huà)，支持企業(yè)依法有序參與北極商業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)和利用。 | China supports the participation of all Arctic stakeholders in Arctic governance and international cooperation. China supports platforms such as "The Arctic: Territory of Dialogue", "The Arctic Circle", "Arctic Frontiers", "The China-Nordic Arctic Research Center", in promoting exchanges and cooperation among the stakeholders. China also supports the participation of research institutions and enterprises in Arctic governance with their own expertise put to good use. China encourages research institutions to communicate with foreign think tanks and academic institutions, and supports enterprises to participate in the commercial development and utilization of the Arctic in a lawful and orderly manner. | |
（五）促進(jìn)北極和平與穩定 | 5. Promoting peace and stability in the Arctic | |
北極的和平與穩定是各國開(kāi)展各類(lèi)北極活動(dòng)的重要保障，符合包括中國在內的世界各國的根本利益。中國主張和平利用北極，致力于維護和促進(jìn)北極的和平與穩定，保護北極地區人員和財產(chǎn)安全，保障海上貿易、海上作業(yè)和運輸安全。中國支持有關(guān)各方依據《聯(lián)合國憲章》《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》等國際條約和一般國際法，通過(guò)和平方式解決涉北極領(lǐng)土和海洋權益爭議，支持有關(guān)各方維護北極安全穩定的努力。中國致力于加強與北極國家在海空搜救、海上預警、應急反應、情報交流等方面的國際合作，妥善應對海上事故、環(huán)境污染、海上犯罪等安全挑戰。 | Peace and stability in the Arctic provides a significant guarantee for all activities in the region, and serves the fundamental interest of all countries including China. China calls for the peaceful utilization of the Arctic and commits itself to maintaining peace and stability, protecting lives and property, and ensuring the security of maritime trade, operations and transport in the region. China supports the peaceful settlement of disputes over territory and maritime rights and interests by all parties concerned in accordance with such treaties as the UN Charter and the UNCLOS and general international law, and supports efforts to safeguard security and stability in the region. China strives to reinforce cooperation with the Arctic States in maritime and air search and rescue, maritime early warning, emergency response, and information sharing in order to properly handle security challenges such as maritime accidents, environmental pollution, and maritime crimes. | |
結束語(yǔ) | Conclusion | |
北極的未來(lái)關(guān)乎北極國家的利益，關(guān)乎北極域外國家和全人類(lèi)的福祉，北極治理需要各利益攸關(guān)方的參與和貢獻。作為負責任的大國，中國愿本著(zhù)“尊重、合作、共贏(yíng)、可持續”的基本原則，與有關(guān)各方一道，抓住北極發(fā)展的歷史性機遇，積極應對北極變化帶來(lái)的挑戰，共同認識北極、保護北極、利用北極和參與治理北極，積極推動(dòng)共建“一帶一路”倡議涉北極合作，積極推動(dòng)構建人類(lèi)命運共同體，為北極的和平穩定和可持續發(fā)展作出貢獻。 | The future of the Arctic concerns the interests of the Arctic States, the wellbeing of non-Arctic States and that of the humanity as a whole. The governance of the Arctic requires the participation and contribution of all stakeholders. On the basis of the principles of "respect, cooperation, win-win result and sustainability", China, as a responsible major country, is ready to cooperate with all relevant parties to seize the historic opportunity in the development of the Arctic, to address the challenges brought by the changes in the region, jointly understand, protect, develop and participate in the governance of the Arctic, and advance Arctic-related cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, so as to build a community with a shared future for mankind and contribute to peace, stability and sustainable development in the Arctic. | |
(Source: Xinhua) |