【中英文對照】2017年美國的人權(quán)紀錄（全文）
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-07 16:08:06 | 來源：中國網(wǎng) | 作者： | 責任編輯：李瀟國務院新聞辦公室24日發(fā)表《2017年美國的人權(quán)紀錄》，全文如下： | China published a report on the United States' human rights situation on Tuesday. The report, titled "Human Rights Record of the United States in 2017," was released by the Information Office of the State Council. Following is the full text of the report: | |
2017年美國的人權(quán)紀錄 中華人民共和國 國務院新聞辦公室 2018年4月 | Human Rights Record of the United States in 2017 State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China April 2018 | |
目錄 | Contents | |
導言 | Foreword | |
一、公民權(quán)利遭受嚴重侵犯 | I. Serious Infringement on Civil Rights | |
二、系統(tǒng)性種族歧視加劇社會撕裂 | II. Systematic racial discrimination aggravates social split | |
三、美式民主存在嚴重弊端 | III. Severe flaws in American-style democracy | |
四、貧富分化現(xiàn)象持續(xù)惡化 | IV. Rich-Poor Divide Continues Widening | |
五、特定群體遭受歧視和人身侵犯 | V. Special Groups Suffer Discrimination and Physical Assault | |
六、繼續(xù)粗暴侵犯他國人權(quán) | VI. Continued Violations of Human Rights in Other Countries | |
導言 | Foreword | |
當?shù)貢r間4月20日，美國國務院發(fā)布《2017年國別人權(quán)報告》，繼續(xù)扮演“人權(quán)衛(wèi)士”，以道德裁判官自居，對他國國內(nèi)事務和人權(quán)狀況橫加指責，妄言謬評，似乎在這個世界上只有美國的人權(quán)狀況是最完美的。回顧2017年，稍有正義感的人們都會發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國自身的人權(quán)紀錄依舊劣跡斑斑，并呈持續(xù)惡化的趨勢。 | On April 20 local time, the State Department of the United States released its country reports on human rights practices for 2017, posing once again as "the guardian of human rights" and a self-styled "human rights judge." It continued to point fingers and cast groundless blame on the domestic affairs and human rights situation of other countries as if it had the most perfect human rights condition in the world. However, looking back on the year of 2017, even those with the slightest sense of righteousness will find that the human rights record of the United States itself remained tarnished and showed a continued deterioration tendency. | |
——2017年10月1日晚，拉斯維加斯發(fā)生美國現(xiàn)代史上最為嚴重的槍擊案，造成近60人死亡、800余人受傷。 | -- On the evening of October 1, 2017, almost 60 people were killed and over 800 injured in a mass shooting in Las Vegas, the deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history. | |
——2017年8月，一些白人至上主義者聚集夏洛茨維爾市，高呼納粹口號，舉行被稱為“幾十年來最大的仇恨聚會”。 | -- In August 2017, some white supremacists rallied in Charlottesville, chanting Nazi slogans in the "largest hate gathering in decades". | |
——美國《大西洋》月刊網(wǎng)站和《紐約時報》網(wǎng)站等報道，多項對美國學者的調(diào)查顯示，大多數(shù)受訪者認為近幾十年來美國民主一直停滯不前，美國的民主正在被金錢淹沒。 | -- According to reports on The Atlantic website and New York Times website, several polls of American scholars revealed that most of the respondents believed that quality of democracy in the United States had been plateauing for decades, and that American democracy is drowning in money. | |
——普林斯頓大學政治學教授馬丁·吉倫斯的研究表明，過去40年來美國的經(jīng)濟政策“強烈反映了最富有者的偏好，而與貧困人口和中等收入群體的偏好幾乎沒有任何關(guān)系”。 | -- A research from Martin Gilens, a politics professor at Princeton University, showed that American economic policies over the last 40 years "strongly reflect the preferences of the most affluent, but bear virtually no relationship to the preferences of poor or middle-income Americans." | |
——美國全國免罪記錄中心2017年3月7日發(fā)布的研究報告顯示，非洲裔美國人被誤判謀殺罪的可能性比白人高7倍，被誤判毒品犯罪的可能性是白人的12倍。針對同樣罪行，非洲裔男性罪犯的刑期比白人男性罪犯平均高19.1%。 | -- A study from the U.S. National Registry of Exonerations released on March 7, 2017 showed that black Americans were about seven times more likely to be wrongfully convicted of murder than white Americans. When it comes to drug crimes, black Americans are about 12 times more likely to be wrongfully convicted than innocent white people. Black male offenders received sentences on average 19.1 percent longer than those of "similarly situated" white male offenders. | |
——美國經(jīng)濟政策研究所2017年2月13日發(fā)表的報告顯示，白人家庭的平均財富比非洲裔家庭高7倍以上，白人家庭財富中位值比非洲裔家庭財富中位值高12倍以上，超過四分之一非洲裔家庭的凈資產(chǎn)為零或負數(shù)。 | -- The Economic Policy Institute released a report on February 13, 2017, saying that the average wealth for white families is seven times higher than average wealth for black families and that median white wealth is twelve times higher than median black wealth. More than one in four black households had zero or negative net worth. | |
——據(jù)英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站和聯(lián)合國人權(quán)高專辦網(wǎng)站2017年12月報道，美國有5230萬人生活在“經(jīng)濟貧困社區(qū)”，約1850萬人處于極度貧困狀態(tài)。 | --According to websites of The Guardian and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in December 2017, 52.3 million Americans lived in "economically distressed communities" and 18.5 million were living in deep poverty. | |
——英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站2017年12月11日報道，美國有1330萬貧困兒童，占兒童總?cè)丝诘?8%；美國城市研究所的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，美國有近900萬兒童在持續(xù)貧困的家庭中成長，占兒童總?cè)丝诘?1.8%。 | -- A report of BBC on December 11, 2017 said that of those living in poverty in the United States, there were about 13.3 million children – 18 percent of those under the age of 18. The U.S. Urban Institute statistics revealed that nearly 9 million children in the United States (11.8 percent of American children) would grow up in persistently poor families. | |
一、公民權(quán)利遭受嚴重侵犯 | I. Serious Infringement on Civil Rights | |
美國暴力犯罪攀升，槍支泛濫問題依然難解，槍擊案件持續(xù)高發(fā)，警察暴力執(zhí)法引發(fā)廣泛抗議，政府肆意侵犯個人網(wǎng)絡隱私權(quán)，人民的生命和自由受到嚴重威脅。 | Violent crime was on the rise in the United States, the government exercised no effective control over guns which caused continuous growth of gun incidents, power abuse by American police sparked mass protests, and government surveillance infringed individual privacy. As a result, civil rights of the American people, especially the right to life and freedom, were seriously threatened. | |
暴力犯罪居高不下。美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局2017年9月發(fā)布的《2016年美國犯罪報告》顯示，2016年美國共發(fā)生暴力犯罪約120萬起，較2015年增加4.1%；平均每十萬居民中發(fā)生386.3起，較2015年增長3.4%。與2015年相比，嚴重暴力傷害案增加5.1%，謀殺案增加8.6%，強奸案增加4.9%。（注1） | Violent crime was on the rise in the United States. According to the FBI's annual report on national crime statistics released in September 2017, there were an estimated 1.2 million violent crimes in the United States in 2016, an increase of 4.1 percent from 2015. It showed the estimated rate of violent crime was 386.3 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants, up 3.4 percent compared with the 2015 rate. The estimated number of aggravated assaults, murders and rapes in the nation in 2016 increased 5.1 percent, 8.6 percent and 4.9 percent, respectively, when compared with the 2015 estimate (www.fbi.gov, ucr.fbi.gov, September 2017). | |
槍支泛濫導致槍擊事件持續(xù)高發(fā)。皮尤研究中心調(diào)查顯示，至少三分之二的被調(diào)查者稱他們的家庭有過槍支。（注2）美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局《2016年美國犯罪報告》顯示，2016年73%的兇殺案涉槍。（注3）美國槍支暴力檔案室《2017年槍支暴力傷亡統(tǒng)計》顯示，截至12月25日，2017年美國共發(fā)生槍擊事件60091起，共造成15182人死亡、30619人受傷，其中大規(guī)模槍擊事件338起。（注4）2017年10月1日晚，64歲的白人男子史蒂芬·帕多克在拉斯維加斯從曼德勒海灣賓館32層的房間向樓下露天演唱會2萬多名觀眾開槍掃射。槍擊持續(xù)了10至15分鐘，造成近60人死亡、500余人受傷。這是美國現(xiàn)代史上最為嚴重的槍擊案。（注5）事后，警察在其酒店房間與家中共搜出42支槍、數(shù)千發(fā)子彈及爆炸物。11月5日，得克薩斯州薩瑟蘭泉鎮(zhèn)發(fā)生惡性槍擊案，至少造成26人死亡、20人受傷，死傷者的年齡從5歲到72歲不等。 | Ineffective gun control has caused continuous growth of gun violence in the United States. A Pew Research Center survey showed that at least two-thirds of the surveyed Americans had lived in a household with a gun at some point in their lives (www.pewsocialtrends.org, June 22, 2017). Seventy-three percent of the homicides for which the FBI received weapons data in 2016 involved the use of firearms, according to the FBI's annual report on national crime statistics released in September 2017 (www.ucr.fbi.gov, September 2017). According to the Gun Violence Archive of 2017, as of December 25, the total number of incidents in the United States was 60,091, which killed 15,182 and injured 30,619. Among the incidents, 338 were mass shooting (www.gunviolencearchive.org, December 25, 2017). On October 1, 2017, a gunman, named as 64-year-old Nevada resident Stephen Paddock, opened fire from the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay Hotel in Las Vegas towards an open-air music festival attended by 22,000. Nearly 60 people were killed and about 500 injured in the mass shooting, the deadliest in modern U.S. history (www.bbc.com, October 2, 2017). The police found 42 guns, thousands of bullets, and explosives in Paddock's hotel room and his home. On November 5, 2017, at least 26 were dead and 20 were injured after a man dressed in black entered First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs, Texas armed with a rifle and opened fire on its congregation. Those shot ranged from 5 to 72 years old. | |
警察濫用執(zhí)法權(quán)力。美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局2017年發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2016年美國執(zhí)法部門共實施10662252次逮捕（不包括違反交通規(guī)則的逮捕），平均每十萬居民中有3298.5人被逮捕。（注6）據(jù)《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站統(tǒng)計，2017年美國有987人被警察槍擊致死。（注7）《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2017年7月26日報道，兩名警察在執(zhí)行逮捕令的過程中走錯地址，槍殺了一名無辜者，而受害人并無任何犯罪記錄。皮尤研究中心2017年1月11日披露，在過去兩年中有近500名非洲裔美國人被警方槍殺。（注8）《赫芬頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2017年11月7日報道，紐約兩名警員在搜查毒品的過程中，將一名藏有大麻的女子扣留在警車里并實施了輪奸。 | U.S. police abused their law enforcement power. According to statistics released by the FBI, law enforcement made an estimated 10,662,252 arrests nationwide in 2016. (Note: the UCR Program does not collect data on citations for traffic violations.) The arrest rate for the United States in 2016 was 3,298.5 arrests per 100,000 inhabitants (ucr.fbi.gov, September 2017). According to The Washington Post's Fatal Force database, 987 people were shot by police in 2017. The Washington Post reported on July 26, 2017, that American police shot and killed a man while trying to serve a warrant at the wrong house. The man didn't have a warrant out for his arrest or a criminal record. Statistics released by Pew Research Center on January 11, 2017, showed that since 2015, almost 500 blacks had been fatally shot by police (www.pewsocialtrends.org, January 11, 2017). Huffington post reported on November 7, 2017, that two American detectives Eddie Martins, 37, and Richard Hall, 33, were arrested on charges including raping a woman in a police van in New York after finding her in possession of marijuana and anti-anxiety pills. | |
警察暴力執(zhí)法引發(fā)廣泛抗議。2017年2月22日晚，數(shù)百人走上加利福尼亞州阿納海姆市街頭，抗議一天前一名不當值的洛杉磯警員在與幾名青少年的爭執(zhí)中開槍。警方逮捕了23名抗議者。（注9）9月15日晚，因槍殺非洲裔男性的前白人警察杰森·斯托克利當日被無罪釋放，圣路易斯市發(fā)生了嚴重的暴力抗議事件，32名示威者被捕。抗議者表示，“一次又一次，非洲裔美國人被警察殺害，但沒有人對此承擔責任。”（注10） | Violent law enforcement by American police sparked mass protests in the United States. On February 22, 2017, hundreds of people took to the streets of Anaheim, Calif., for a sprawling protest that was sparked by video footage showing an off-duty Los Angeles police officer firing his gun during a confrontation with teenagers a day earlier. Police said they had arrested 23 people during the protests that followed (www.washingtonpost.com, February 23, 2017). Protesters in St. Louis on the night of September 15, 2017, blocked highways, damaged public and private property, broke windows, threw rocks at the mayor's house and threw bricks at police officers after a white former police officer earlier in the day was acquitted in the 2011 fatal shooting of a black man. Thirty-two protesters were arrested. "Time and time again, African-American men are killed by police, and nobody is held accountable," said one protester (abcnews.go.com, September 16, 2017). | |
網(wǎng)絡監(jiān)控侵犯個人隱私。英國《每日郵報》網(wǎng)站2017年4月6日報道，推特公司2017年3月收到行政命令，要求其提供反對美國總統(tǒng)強硬移民政策的賬戶使用者的信息，政府并未給出任何理由。該公司認為，政府是在濫用法律。《紐約時報》網(wǎng)站2017年9月13日報道，2016年10月至2017年3月，美國邊檢強制搜查手機和電腦近15000次，比2015年同期的8383次大幅提升。英國《獨立報》網(wǎng)站2017年9月27日報道，美國政府宣布將繼續(xù)收集移民的社交媒體信息。丹佛大學法學副教授塞薩爾·赫爾南德斯認為，監(jiān)控社交媒體賬戶會對言論自由產(chǎn)生可怕的影響。美國司法部對發(fā)生在總統(tǒng)就職日的抗議活動展開調(diào)查，要求“夢的主人”公司交出負責協(xié)調(diào)抗議活動網(wǎng)站130萬訪問者的IP地址。（注11） | Online surveillance by the U.S. government infringed individual privacy. According to a report by Daily Mail on April 6, 2017, Twitter refused a government demand to reveal who was behind an account opposed to President Donald Trump's tough immigration policies. The company filed a federal lawsuit to block the order, citing freedom of speech as a basis for not turning over records about the account. The New York Times reported on September 13, 2017, that there were nearly 15,000 forced searches of phones and laptops in the United States from October 2016 to March 2017, compared with 8,383 in the same period a year before. According to a report by the Independent on September 27, 2017, the American government quietly announced that it was planning on continuing to collect social media information on immigrants in America, a policy that has experts worried about privacy abuses and inefficiency. César Cuauhtémoc García Hernández, an associate professor of law at the University of Denver's Sturm College of Law, said that monitoring social media accounts could have a chilling effect on free speech. The U.S. Department of Justice was investigating protesters who exercised their First Amendment rights of free assembly at Donald Trump's inauguration in January 2017. The Justice Department has demanded the company DreamHost turn over some 1.3 million IP addresses of people who visited a website coordinating Inauguration Day protests (edition.cnn.com, August 17, 2017). | |
（注1）美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局網(wǎng)站（https://www.fbi.gov，https://ucr.fbi.gov），2017年9月。 （注2） 皮尤社會趨勢網(wǎng)站（http://www.pewsocialtrends.org），2017年6月22日。 （注3） 美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局網(wǎng)站（https://ucr.fbi.gov），2017年9月。 （注4）美國槍支暴力檔案室網(wǎng)站（http://www.gunviolencearchive.org），2017年12月25日。 （注5） 英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站（http://www.bbc.com），2017年10月2日。 （注6） 美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局網(wǎng)站（https://ucr.fbi.gov），2017年9月。 （注7）《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com）。 （注8）皮尤社會趨勢網(wǎng)站（http://www.pewsocialtrends.org），2017年1月11日。 （注9）《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2017年2月23日。 （注10） 美國廣播公司網(wǎng)站（http://abcnews.go.com），2017年9月16日。 （注11） 美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng) （http://edition.cnn.com），2017年8月17日。 | ||
二、系統(tǒng)性種族歧視加劇社會撕裂 | II. Systematic racial discrimination aggravates social split | |
美國既有的種族歧視問題未見緩解，種族關(guān)系進一步惡化，社會對立加劇，種族沖突頻發(fā)。 | The existing problems of racial discrimination in the United States have not been eased, but racial relations continue to worsen. Social antagonism has been intensified and racial conflicts frequently occurred. | |
執(zhí)法司法領域存在系統(tǒng)性的種族歧視。《赫芬頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2017年11月18日報道，美國量刑委員會2017年11月的報告發(fā)現(xiàn)，針對同樣罪行，非洲裔男性罪犯的刑期比白人男性罪犯平均高19.1%。據(jù)美國全國免罪記錄中心2017年3月7日發(fā)布的研究報告，對1989年至2016年10月被改判無罪案例的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，非洲裔美國人比白人更容易被誤判犯有謀殺罪、性侵犯、非法毒品活動等罪行。在1900名被宣判有罪但后來改判無罪的被告人中，非洲裔占47%，是其人口比例的3倍。（注12）斯坦福大學“警務公開項目”2017年6月19日發(fā)布研究報告，對美國20個州6000萬次警察交通攔截數(shù)據(jù)的分析顯示，警察在執(zhí)法中對非洲裔、拉美裔司機適用與白人不同的標準，對他們進行搜查所需要的懷疑理由要遠少于白人。非洲裔、拉美裔司機被警察攔截檢查的可能性是白人的兩倍。一旦被攔截，他們更容易被罰款、搜查乃至逮捕。例如，當因超速行駛而被要求靠邊停車后，他們被開罰單的可能性比白人分別高20%和30%。（注13）“警察暴力地圖”網(wǎng)站2018年1月1日發(fā)布的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示，美國警察2017年共殺死1129人，其中非洲裔占25%，遠高于其13%的人口比例。 | Systematic racial discrimination exists in law enforcement and judicial organs. According to the website of the Huffingtong Post on November 18, 2017, a report of the U.S. Sentencing Commission released in November said that black male offenders received sentences on average of 19.1 percent longer than those of "similarly situated" white male offenders. According to the study from the National Registry of Exonerations, which was released on March 7, 2017, and examined cases from 1989 to October 2016, African Americans are far more likely to be wrongfully convicted of crimes such as murder, sexual assault and illegal drug activity than white people. Of the 1,900 defendants convicted of crimes and later exonerated, 47 percent were African Americans -- three times their representation in the population (www.aljazeera.com, March 8, 2017). According to a report by the Stanford Open Policing Project released on June 19, 2017, based on analysis of more than 60 million police stops in 20 states, black and Latino drivers face a double standard and police require far less suspicion to search them than their white counterparts. Black and Latino drivers are about twice as likely to be searched compared with whites. After being stopped, black and Latino drivers are ticketed, searched and arrested more often than whites. For example, when pulled over for speeding, black drivers are 20 percent more likely than whites and Latino drivers 30 percent more likely than whites to be ticketed (www.latimes.com, June 19, 2017). According to statistics by the Mapping Police Violence released at its website on January 1, 2018, the U.S. police have killed 1,129 people in 2017, of whom 25 percent were black people, much higher than their population distribution of 13 percent. | |
美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)2017年9月1日報道，佐治亞州一名已有20年警齡的白人警官格雷格·阿伯特攔檢一位白人女性司機，當被攔截的司機表示因擔心警察開槍而不敢挪動雙手時，阿伯特脫口而出：“你不是黑人。記住，我們只殺黑人。”美聯(lián)社2017年9月8日報道，費城警察局6名非洲裔警察對上級警官提出涉及種族主義的投訴，稱這些白人警官將非洲裔公民稱為“人渣”，將殺害非洲裔公民稱為“減少牲畜存欄數(shù)”。 | According to a CNN report on September 1, 2017, a white police lieutenant Greg Abbott in the U.S. state of Georgia who has been an officer for more than 20 years stopped a white female driver. The woman said she was scared to move her hands and Abbott interrupted her and said, "You're not black. Remember, we only kill black people." On September 8, 2017, the AP reported that six black Philadelphia police officers filed complaints against their inspectors. Their complaints include referring to black civilians as "scum" and calling black civilian killings "thinning the herd." | |
種族仇恨犯罪創(chuàng)近年新高。美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局2017年11月13日公布的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2016年美國共發(fā)生6121起仇恨犯罪，達到了近年來未曾有過的高點。2016年11月美國總統(tǒng)選舉后，種族主義口號和信息明顯增長，特別是在學校中。南方貧困法律中心在選舉日后的10天里發(fā)現(xiàn)了867起仇恨騷擾或恐嚇事件。（注14）半島電視臺網(wǎng)站2017年6月10日報道，52歲的白人男子亞當·普林頓在堪薩斯州一個酒吧內(nèi)高喊“滾出我的國家”，并對兩名印度裔男子開槍射擊，致一死一傷。《紐約郵報》網(wǎng)站2017年10月31日報道，3名男子涉嫌于2016年夏天在紐約皇后區(qū)公墓毀損40余塊墓碑，并在帶有亞裔姓名的墓碑上噴涂不堪入目的種族攻擊性話語。 | Racist hate crimes hit record high in recent years. According to a new statistical report released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) on November 13, 2017, a total of 6,121 hate crimes in the United States were reported to the FBI in 2016, to a point not seen in recent history. In the days after the November 2016 presidential election, an increase in racist slogans and hateful messages was reported, especially in schools. The Southern Poverty Law Center found 867 cases of hateful harassment or intimidation in the 10 days after the election (edition.cnn.com, November 13, 2017). According to a report by the website of Al Jazeera on June 10, 2017, white man Adam Purinton, 52, was accused of shouting "get out of my country" as he shot dead one Indian man and injured another at a bar in Kansas. According to the website of New York Post on October 31, 2017, in the summer of 2016, police arrested three men who smashed more than 40 headstones and spray-painted racial slurs and offensive phrases on many headstones that had Asian names on them at a Queens cemetery. | |
白人至上主義游行引發(fā)暴力沖突。2017年8月，一些白人種族主義者和右翼抗議者聚集在弗吉尼亞州的夏洛茨維爾市游行示威，高喊著“鮮血與土地”的納粹戰(zhàn)斗口號。（注15）20歲的白人至上主義者詹姆斯·菲爾茨駕駛汽車高速撞向抗議白人至上主義游行的人群，致使1人死亡、19人受傷。（注16）英國《每日電訊報》網(wǎng)站2017年8月13日報道，美國民權(quán)團體將這次白人至上主義游行描述為“幾十年來最大的仇恨聚會”。針對這一事件，8月23日聯(lián)合國消除種族歧視委員會主席阿納斯塔西婭·克里科里指出：“我們對白人民族主義者、新納粹和三K黨以公開的種族主義口號和儀式進行的種族主義游行感到極度震驚，這種行為助長了白人至上主義并煽動種族歧視和仇恨。”她對美國政府未能明確反對種族暴力行徑提出了批評，并呼吁美國的政治家和政府官員對發(fā)生在夏洛茨維爾和全美國的種族仇恨演講及犯罪予以無條件的、明確的譴責與抵制。（注17） | White nationalist protesters sparked violent confrontations. In August 2017, some white nationalists and right-wing protesters converged on Charlottesville, Virginia, shouting "blood and soil," a phrase invoking the Nazi philosophy (edition.cnn.com, August 12, 2017). White nationalist James Alex Fields Jr., 20, drove a car plowing into a group of protesters against white nationalists, killing one person and injuring 19 others (www.cbsnews.com, August 12, 2017). According to a report by the Telegraph on August 13, 2017, U.S. civil rights groups described the riot as America's "largest hate gathering in decades." On August 23, Anastasia Crickley, Chairperson of UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), said that "We are alarmed by the racist demonstrations, with overtly racist slogans, chants and salutes by white nationalists, neo-Nazis, and the Ku Klux Klan, promoting white supremacy and inciting racial discrimination and hatred." UN rights experts criticized U.S. government's failure to unequivocally reject racist violent events, and called on high-level politicians and public officials of the United States to unequivocally and unconditionally reject and condemn racist hate speech and crimes in Charlottesville and throughout the country (www.un.org, August 23, 2017). | |
種族關(guān)系惡化。蓋洛普網(wǎng)站2017年3月15日發(fā)布的民意測驗數(shù)據(jù)顯示，42%的美國民眾表示對美國的種族關(guān)系感到極度擔憂，比2016年高7個百分點。這是該數(shù)據(jù)連續(xù)第三年大幅增加，也是蓋洛普調(diào)查17年來的最高紀錄。皮尤研究中心2017年8月的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，58%的受訪者認為種族主義是美國社會的一個大問題，比兩年前增加了8個百分點，比2011年大約翻了一番。（注18）英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站2017年9月26日報道，2016年美國職業(yè)橄欖球聯(lián)盟非洲裔球星凱珀尼克在比賽現(xiàn)場播放美國國歌時拒絕起立，并以半跪的方式面對國旗。他表示：“我不會站起來去給一個壓迫非洲裔和其他有色人種的國家的國旗致敬。”此后，許多美國職業(yè)橄欖球聯(lián)盟球員紛紛加入他的行列。 | Racial relations worsened. According to a Gallup poll released on March 15 last year, 42 percent of Americans say they personally worry a "great deal" about race relations in the United States, up seven percentage points from 2016 and a record high in Gallup's 17-year trend. This is the third straight year worries about this issue have increased by a significant margin. A survey, conducted by Pew Research Center in August, 2017, showed that 58 percent of Americans say racism is a "big problem in our society," up 8 percentage points in the past two years and having roughly doubled since 2011 (www.pewresearch.org, August 29，2017). According to a report by BBC website on September 26, 2017, in 2016, National Football League (NFL) player Colin Kaepernick refused to stand up and kneeled during the national anthem. "I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color," he said. A number of players have joined Colin Kaepernick since his demonstrations began. | |
種族歧視事件頻繁發(fā)生。英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站2017年5月31日報道，美國籃球職業(yè)聯(lián)賽巨星勒布朗·詹姆斯在洛杉磯的住所被人噴涂了表示“黑鬼”的字母。他指出，種族主義永遠是美國的一部分，在美國現(xiàn)實中，對非洲裔美國人的仇恨天天存在。《紐約郵報》網(wǎng)站2017年9月15日報道，俄亥俄州一名志愿消防隊員在社交平臺上發(fā)表種族主義言論，聲稱“在發(fā)生火災的房子里，我寧愿選擇先救狗而不是黑鬼”，“那是因為一只狗比一百萬個（黑鬼）更重要”。《紐約每日新聞》網(wǎng)站2017年11月3日報道，新澤西州愛迪生市兩名亞裔學校委員會候選人遭遇種族主義攻擊，市民們收到印著這兩位亞裔候選人照片的明信片，臉上被打上了種族主義口號。皮尤研究中心的調(diào)查顯示，少數(shù)族裔群體更加頻繁地遭遇帶有種族歧視色彩的網(wǎng)絡騷擾。四分之一的非洲裔和十分之一的拉美裔美國人表示因為種族或族裔的原因而在網(wǎng)絡上受到騷擾。（注19） | Racial discrimination occurred frequently. According to a report by BBC website on May 31, 2017, NBA superstar LeBron James said that the "N-word" was spray painted on to his Los Angeles home. He said that racism will always be a part of America, and hate in America - especially for African-Americans - is living every day. The New York Post reported on September 15, 2017 that a volunteer firefighter in Ohio has posted racist remarks on Facebook, saying he'd save a dog from a burning house before a black man. "That's because one dog is more important than a million n——," he said. According to a report by the website of New York Daily News on November 3, 2017, two Asian school board candidates in central New Jersey received a racist attack. Residents in Edison received postcards that had photos of the two with "deport" stamped over their faces. Pew Research Center survey showed that some minority groups more frequently encounter harassment that carries racial overtones. A quarter of black Americans and ten percent of Hispanic Americans say they have been targeted online due to their race or ethnicity (www.pewresearch.org, July 25, 2017). | |
少數(shù)族裔群體在就業(yè)、薪酬等方面處于全方位的劣勢。《洛杉磯時報》網(wǎng)站2017年9月15日報道，從美國勞工部20世紀70年代開始記錄失業(yè)率以來，非洲裔的失業(yè)率一直接近于白人的兩倍。舊金山聯(lián)邦儲備銀行2017年9月5日發(fā)布的研究報告顯示，1979年非洲裔的時薪是白人的80%，到2016年已經(jīng)下降到70%。（注20）《今日美國報》網(wǎng)站2017年12月16日報道，在全國范圍內(nèi)，典型的非洲裔家庭的收入僅為普通白人家庭收入的61%。在賓夕法尼亞州伊利市，白人失業(yè)率為4%，非洲裔卻高達24.6%，非洲裔收入的中位值僅為白人的43.2%。《今日美國報》網(wǎng)站2017年10月3日報道，所有少數(shù)族裔群體在高科技行業(yè)從業(yè)人員的比重都在下降。舊金山一家人力資源技術(shù)公司2017年3月29日發(fā)布的研究報告顯示，雖然非洲裔和拉美裔勞動人口占美國勞動人口的比例都超過12%，但非洲裔在白領勞動力中僅占2%－3%，拉美裔僅占5%。（注21） | Minority groups have lower employment rate and are paid less. According to a report by the website of Los Angeles Times on September 15, 2017, since the Labor Department began keeping track of unemployment by race in the early 1970s, the black unemployment rate is nearly double the white unemployment rate. In 1979, the average black man in America earned 80 percent as much per hour as the average white man. By 2016, that shortfall had worsened to 70 percent, according to research from the San Francisco Fed (www.washingtonpost.com, September 5, 2017). A report by the website of USA Today on December 16, 2017, said that nationwide, the typical black household earns just 61 percent of the money that the typical white household earns. In Erie, Pennsylvania, the unemployment rate for white people is four percent, while that for black people is up to 24.6 percent. The median income for black people is only 43.2 percent of that for white people. A report by the website of USA Today on October 3, 2017, said that representation of all minority groups is declining in technology companies. According to a report released on March 29, 2017, by a San Francisco-based HR tech company, black people make up only two to three percent of the white-collar workforce — significantly less than their total workforce participation rate of 12 percent. Only about 5 percent of Hispanic workforce contributes to white-collar jobs (www.ibtimes.com, March 31, 2017). | |
種族間財富差距日益擴大。美國聯(lián)邦儲備委員會2017年9月公布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2013年至2016年，非洲裔和拉美裔與白人之間的貧富差距分別增長了16%和14%。2016年美國白人家庭凈資產(chǎn)中位值為171000美元，而非洲裔僅為17600美元，拉美裔為20700美元，分別為白人家庭的10.29%和12.11%。（注22）美國經(jīng)濟政策研究所2017年2月13日發(fā)表的報告顯示，超過四分之一非洲裔家庭的凈資產(chǎn)為零或負數(shù)。（注23）美國人口普查局2017年9月公布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2016年非洲裔美國家庭收入中位值是39490美元，比2000年還低1873美元，是唯一收入低于2000年水平的種族群體。（注24） | Racial wealth gap becomes larger. According to data released by the Federal Reserve in September last year, between 2013 and 2016, wealth gap between black and white families grew by 16 percent during that time, and by 14 percent between Hispanics and whites. In 2016, white families had a median net worth of 171,000 U.S. dollars, compared with 17,600 U.S. dollars for blacks and 20,700 U.S. dollars for Hispanics, accounting for 10.29 percent and 12.11 percent of that for white families respectively (www.washingtonpost, September 28, 2017). The report issued by the Economic Policy Institute on February 13, 2017, said that more than one in four black households have zero or negative net worth (www.epi.org, February 13, 2017). The median income for an African American household was 39,490 U.S. dollars in 2016, according to U.S. Census Bureau data released in September 2017, even 1,873 U.S. dollars less than that in 2000. African Americans are the only racial group the Census Bureau identifies that has been left behind than the year of 2000 (www.latimes.com, September 15, 2017). | |
穆斯林遭受歧視與攻擊。2017年1月27日，美國政府發(fā)布一項行政命令，禁止伊朗、伊拉克、利比亞、索馬里、蘇丹、敘利亞和也門等7個國家的公民進入美國。由于禁令所涉國家均以穆斯林人口為主，因此該行政令也被普遍解讀為“穆斯林禁令”。這一禁令在美國國內(nèi)和世界各地都引發(fā)了廣泛抗議。皮尤研究中心2017年初的一項調(diào)查顯示，75%的美國成年穆斯林表示美國社會存在大量對穆斯林的歧視，69%的普通公眾也持相同觀點。50%的穆斯林表示，近年來在美國做一名穆斯林變得更加困難。皮尤研究中心對美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局仇恨犯罪統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)的分析顯示，2015年至2016年，在美國針對穆斯林的攻擊事件數(shù)量顯著增長，超過了2001年“9·11”事件后的峰值。（注25） | Muslims suffered from discrimination and assaults. On January 27, 2017, the U.S. government issued an order to ban on the entry of citizens from seven Muslim-majority countries: Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen. The order was labeled as "Muslim ban" as countries involved were mainly Muslim population, and aroused protests in the United States and the world. In a Pew Research Center survey conducted in early 2017, three-quarters of Muslim American adults say there is "a lot" of discrimination against Muslims in the United States, a view shared by 69 percent adults in the general public. In addition, half of U.S. Muslim adults say that in recent years it has become more difficult to be a Muslim in the United States. According to a Pew Research Center analysis of hate crimes statistics from the FBI, the number of assaults against Muslims in the United States rose significantly between 2015 and 2016, surpassing the modern peak reached in 2001, the year of the September 11 terrorist attacks (www.pewresearch.org, November 15, 2017). | |
（注12）半島電視臺網(wǎng)站（http://www.aljazeera.com），2017年3月8日。 （注13）《洛杉磯時報》網(wǎng)站（http://www.latimes.com），2017年6月19日。 （注14） 美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)（http://edition.cnn.com），2017年11月13日。 （注15）美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)（http://edition.cnn.com），2017年8月12日。 （注16） 哥倫比亞廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)（https://www.cbsnews.com），2017年8月12日。 （注17） 聯(lián)合國網(wǎng)站（http://www.un.org），2017年8月23日。 （注18） 皮尤研究中心網(wǎng)站（http://www.pewresearch.org），2017年8月29日。 （注19） 皮尤研究中心網(wǎng)站（http://www.pewresearch.org），2017年7月25日。 （注20）《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2017年9月5日。 （注21）《國際財經(jīng)時訊》網(wǎng)站（http://www.ibtimes.com），2017年3月31日。 （注22）《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2017年9月28日。 （注23） 經(jīng)濟政策研究所網(wǎng)站（http://www.epi.org），2017年2月13日。 （注24）《洛杉磯時報》網(wǎng)站（http://www.latimes.com），2017年9月15日。 （注25）皮尤研究中心網(wǎng)站（http://www.pewresearch.org），2017年11月15日。 | ||
三、美式民主存在嚴重弊端 | III. Severe flaws in American-style democracy | |
美國金錢政治持續(xù)發(fā)酵，富人主導政治走向，弱勢群體行使投票權(quán)面臨更嚴苛的限制，政治人物丑聞頻發(fā)。 | Money politics in United States has gone further in 2017, as the wealthy groups controlled the political development; the disadvantaged groups faced more barriers in voting; and continuous scandals of political figures happened. | |
金錢政治加劇不平等。英國《金融時報》網(wǎng)站2017年7月15日指出，“美國的政治體系已經(jīng)被巨額資金所扭曲。”美國聯(lián)邦選舉委員會的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，數(shù)十個政治行動委員會在2017年第一季度共籌集數(shù)千萬美元的資金。個人捐助者向政治行動委員會和有關(guān)政治實體捐助了2.364億美元，與2013年第一季度相比增加了約30%。（注26）美國政治響應中心網(wǎng)站12月27日的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，美國2017年的政治游說支出達到近五年來的最高值。（注27）《紐約時報》網(wǎng)站2017年9月20日的評論稱，“美國的民主正在被金錢淹沒。”金錢政治使得美國過去40年的經(jīng)濟政策“強烈反映了最富有者的偏好，而與貧困人口和中等收入美國人的偏好幾乎沒有任何關(guān)系”。 | Money politics made inequality worse. The Financial Times website said on July 15, 2017 that the U.S. political system has been so warped by big money. According to Federal Election Commission data, dozens of political action committees collected tens of millions of dollars in the first season of 2017. Individual donors contributed 236.4 million U.S. dollars to political action committees and related political entities, roughly 30 percent more than the recorded contribution during the same span following the 2012 presidential election (www.bizjournals.com, May 8, 2017). The website of the Center for Responsive Politics on December 27, 2017, presented data which showed the lobbying spending in 2017 was the highest in the past five years (www.opensecrets.org, December 27, 2017). The New York Times website said in its commentary on September 20, 2017 that "American democracy is drowning in money". The money politics has made American economic policies over the last 40 years "strongly reflect the preferences of the most affluent, but bear virtually no relationship to the preferences of poor or middle-income Americans." | |
民主政治走向衰退。一項對專家的調(diào)查顯示，89%的受訪者認為過去10年來美國民主質(zhì)量一直在下降。（注28）美國《大西洋》月刊網(wǎng)站2017年6月21日報道，一項關(guān)于美國民主狀況的調(diào)查顯示，大多數(shù)受訪者認為，在給予公民平等的投票機會、阻止官員利用公職謀取私利以及民主決策等方面，美國政府是失敗的。 | Democratic politics went weakening. An expert survey on American democracy showed that 89 percent of respondents believed the democratic quality in the United States had declined over the last 10 years (www.authwarningsurvey.com, June 28, 2017). The Atlantic website reported on June 21, 2017 that most interviewees of a survey on U.S. democracy disagreed that the U.S. met standards for granting citizens an equal opportunity to vote, stopping officials from exploiting their public office for private gain, and conducting politics and formulating policy. | |
低收入者的投票權(quán)受到更嚴苛的限制。美國《新聞周刊》網(wǎng)站2017年11月21日報道，成千上萬的美國人因貧窮而被剝奪了投票權(quán)。已有9個州通過立法，剝奪任何未付律師費或法院罰款者的投票權(quán)。僅在亞拉巴馬州，就有超過10萬名欠費者被剔除出選民名單，約占該州選民人口的3%。文章評論道，“我們國家正處于有史以來富人比以往任何時候都更有政治權(quán)力的時代，不讓欠律師費或法庭罰款的人投票，更是封住了低收入群體的口。” | Low-income voters faced more severe barriers. A report on November 21, 2017 from the website of Newsweek magazine said that hundreds of thousands of Americans were being denied the right to vote because they are poor. In nine states, legislators have enacted laws that disenfranchise anyone with outstanding legal fees or court fines. In Alabama, more than 100,000 people who owe money – roughly 3 percent of the state's voting-age population – have been struck from voting rolls. The report commented that preventing people from voting because they owe legal fees or court fines muzzle low-income Americans at a time in the nation's history when the rich have more political power than ever. | |
老年人、殘疾人行使投票權(quán)面臨更多障礙。《紐約時報》網(wǎng)站2017年11月24日報道，美國投票站設置的投票機器很難被老年人或殘疾人使用。一項針對178個投票站使用情況的調(diào)查顯示，絕大多數(shù)投票站內(nèi)外都存在通行障礙，如坡道過陡或車位不足，使殘疾選民無法參與投票。 | Older and physically challenged voters encountered more barriers. The New York Times website reported on November 24, 2017 that voting machines at polling places made it difficult for the elderly and disabled citizens of any age to vote. A survey of 178 polling places showed that the great majority still had impediments outside -- like steep ramps or inadequate parking -- or inside that could discourage or exclude disabled voters. | |
新聞媒體受到壓制。2017年，多家媒體在參加政府新聞發(fā)布和官方活動報道時受到政府排斥，美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)和《紐約時報》等一些媒體甚至被禁止參加白宮新聞發(fā)布會。2017年的一項調(diào)查報告顯示，美國的新聞自由度跌至13年來最低點。（注29）皮尤研究中心2017年4月4日調(diào)查顯示，73%的成年受訪者認為美國現(xiàn)任政府與新聞媒體之間的緊張關(guān)系阻礙了他們獲取國家的政治新聞和信息。（注30） | The media was suppressed. In 2017, a number of news organizations were rejected by the U.S. government in press conferences and other official activities and the CNN, New York Times, and other media organizations were barred from White House briefings. Press freedom in the United States is at its lowest point in 13 years, according to a report in 2017 (www.cnn.com, April 28, 2017). Another survey from the Pew Research Center on April 4, 2017 showed that 73 percent of adult respondents believed the tensions between the government and the news media were getting in the way of access to important national political news and information (www.journalism.org, April 4, 2017). | |
腐敗丑聞爆發(fā)。2017年的一項調(diào)查顯示，近六成美國人認為美國政府的腐敗水平上升了，近七成受訪者認為政府在反腐敗方面是失敗的。哥倫比亞廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)站2017年3月14日報道，有9名軍官因涉嫌卷入賄賂丑聞而受到起訴，其中包括已經(jīng)退休的布魯斯·拉夫萊斯上將。作為利益交換，他們接受了一名承包商提供的賄賂，包括妓女服務、奢華宴席和豪華旅游。該賄賂案目前已有超過20名前任或現(xiàn)任海軍軍官面臨指控。 | Corruption scandals broke out. A survey in 2017 showed that nearly six in 10 Americans believed the level of government corruption has risen in 2017, and nearly seven in 10 people said the government was doing a bad job at combating corruption. The website of CBS News reported on March 14, 2017 that nine military officers including the retired Navy admiral Bruce Loveless were indicted in a bribery scandal as they accepted the services of prostitutes, lavish meals and fancy trips from a defense contractor. The case has charged more than 20 former or current Navy officials. | |
議員和政府官員不斷曝出性騷擾丑聞。《今日美國報》網(wǎng)站2017年11月20日報道，自2016年以來，美國20個州中至少有40名議員被100多人公開指控有某種形式的性行為不端或性騷擾。半島電視臺網(wǎng)站2017年12月12日報道，民主黨議員阿爾·弗蘭肯等人受到有關(guān)性騷擾的指控。《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2017年12月21日報道，參議員辦公室用財政資金來解決性騷擾或性歧視的指控，眾議員辦公室自2008年以來也至少參與處理了10起涉及性騷擾或性歧視的投訴。《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2017年12月1日發(fā)表評論文章稱，多名政要被指控性騷擾卻受到所屬政黨包庇，展示了美國政界的丑陋形象。 | Sexual scandals of congressmen continue to happen. The USA Today website said on November 20, 2017 that since 2016 at least 40 lawmakers in 20 states have been publicly accused by more than 100 people of some form of sexual misconduct or harassment. The website of Al Jazeera reported on December 12, 2017 that Democratic Congressman Al Franken, and others have faced the allegations of sexual harassment. According to a report on the Washington Post website on December 21, 2017, a senator's office used Treasury Department fund to settle a claim of sex discrimination or harassment, and the House of Representatives said its member-led offices were involved in settlements of at least 10 allegations of sexual harassment or sex discrimination since 2008. Another report also from the Washington Post website on December 1, 2017 said that the allegations against several political figures were being shielded by their parties, showing an ugly portrait of American politics. | |
四、貧富分化現(xiàn)象持續(xù)惡化 | IV. Rich-Poor Divide Continues Widening | |
美國貧富分化加劇，無家可歸者人數(shù)增長，毒品和違禁藥物泛濫，“醫(yī)療荒漠”地帶蔓延，貧困人口生活悲慘。聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會極端貧困和人權(quán)問題特別報告員菲利普·奧爾斯頓一針見血地指出：“美國夢正在迅速蛻變成美國幻想。”（注31） | The rich-poor divide expanded in the United States, reporting an increasing number of homeless people. Drugs and banned substances were abused, and people in poverty lived in miserable conditions. "The American Dream is rapidly becoming the American Illusion," said the independent human rights expert appointed by the UN Human Rights Council to look at poverty and human rights in countries around the world (www.theguardian.com, December 15, 2017). | |
貧困人口生活狀況堪憂。英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站2017年12月8日報道，有5230萬美國人生活在“經(jīng)濟貧困社區(qū)”，約占美國總?cè)丝诘?7%。美國人口普查局的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示，超過4000萬美國人生活在貧困中，其中約1850萬人處于極度貧困狀態(tài)，其家庭收入低于貧困線的一半。（注32）斯坦福大學貧困與不平等問題研究中心2017年發(fā)布的報告顯示，美國南部農(nóng)村的整體貧困率為20%，其中非洲裔美國人的貧困率是33%，非洲裔婦女的貧困率高達37%。在美國西部農(nóng)村，原住民的貧困率高達32%。（注33）聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會極端貧困和人權(quán)問題特別報告員菲利普·奧爾斯頓在美國進行為期兩周的實地考察后指出，美國是世界上最富有、最強大和最具科技創(chuàng)新能力的國家之一，但無論是財富、權(quán)力還是技術(shù)都沒有被用來解決4000萬人持續(xù)貧困的局面。他的結(jié)論是：“極端貧困的持續(xù)存在是當權(quán)者作出的政治選擇。”（注34） | The conditions remained precarious for people living in poverty. The Guardian news website reported on December 8, 2017 that 52.3 million Americans lived in "economically distressed communities," representing 17 percent of the U.S. population (www.theguardian.com, December 8, 2017). The most recent official statistics from the US Census Bureau indicated that more than 40 million people were living in poverty. Almost half of those, 18.5 million, were living in deep poverty, with reported family income below half of the poverty threshold (www.ohchr.org, December 15, 2017). According to a 2017 report issued by Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality, the overall poverty rate in the United States' rural South stood at 20 percent, with blacks and black women in the rural South facing poverty rates of 33 percent and 37 percent, respectively. Native Americans in the rural West had the poverty rate as high as 32 percent (inequality.stanford.edu). After his two-week visit in the United States, Philip Alston, the United Nation's special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights stated that the United States is one of the word's richest and most powerful and technologically innovative countries; but neither its wealth nor its power nor its technology is being harnessed to address the situation in which 40 million people continue to live in poverty. The conclusion he drew was that "the persistence of extreme poverty is a political choice made by those in power" (www.theguardian.com, December 15, 2017). | |
不平等程度持續(xù)惡化。美國貧富分化的程度在不斷加大。世界收入不平等數(shù)據(jù)庫的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，美國的基尼系數(shù)在西方國家中是最高的。在經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織37個成員國中，美國的貧困和不平等程度排第35位。（注35）德意志銀行首席國際經(jīng)濟學家托斯坦·斯洛克以收入水平來計算美國家庭財富的報告顯示，美國0.1%最富有家庭的財富相當于最底層90%家庭所擁有財富的總和。（注36）《波士頓評論》網(wǎng)站2017年9月1日報道，在過去40年，80%中低收入人口的收入僅增長了約25%，而20%高收入人口的收入?yún)s幾乎翻了一番。聯(lián)合國貧困和人權(quán)監(jiān)測機構(gòu)指責美國領導人試圖把這個國家變成“極端不平等的世界冠軍”。（注37） | Inequality deteriorated. The wealth gap continued to widen in the United States. According to the World Income Inequality Database, the United States has the highest Gini coefficient (measuring inequality) of all Western Countries. In the OECD, the United States ranks 35th out of 37 in terms of poverty and inequality (www.theguardian.com, December 15, 2017). In a report showing the share of U.S. household wealth by income level, Deutsche Bank's chief international economist Torsten Slok said the top 0.1 percent of American households hold about the same amount of wealth as the bottom 90 percent (www.businessinsider.com, January 25, 2017). Boston Review's website reported on Sept. 1, 2017 that while the income of those in the bottom 80 percent of America has grown only by about 25 percent in the last four decades, it has almost doubled for the top 20 percent. The United Nations monitor on poverty and human rights accused the U.S. leadership of attempting to turn the country into the "world champion of extreme inequality" (www.theguardian.com, December 15, 2017). | |
無家可歸者生活悲慘。英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站2017年12月6日報道，美國有多達553742人至少有一夜無家可歸，紐約無家可歸者增長率高達4.1%。在洛杉磯縣無家可歸者的露營地，大約1800個露宿“窮街”街頭的無家可歸者晚上只能共用9個沒有門的衛(wèi)生間。（注38）馬修·德斯蒙德在《被驅(qū)逐者》一書中指出，美國每年都有數(shù)百萬人因交不起房租而被房東趕走，他們是真正被遺忘的貧困人口。（注39） | The life of the homeless was miserable. The Guardian's website reported on December 6, 2017 that 553,742 people were homeless on a single night in the United States last year, with an increase of 4.1 percent in New York. In a homeless encampment in Los Angeles, approximately 1,800 homeless people shared just nine toilets located in stalls without doors at night (www.theguardian.com, June 30, 2017). Matthew Desmond's book Evicted said millions of Americans were evicted each year as they struggled to make rent: these people were the true forgotten poor (www.theguardian.com, February 24, 2017). | |
毒品及成癮性藥物管控不力。《醫(yī)學報刊》新聞網(wǎng)站2017年6月13日報道，美國有770萬人濫用違禁藥物。美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)2017年12月14日報道，40%的12年級學生、28%的10年級學生和12.9%的8年級學生在過去一年里使用過某種違禁藥物。哥倫比亞廣播公司網(wǎng)站2017年6月6日報道，2011年至2015年，僅在俄亥俄州就以處方的形式開出了約40億顆阿片類藥物，過量用藥成為當今50歲以下美國人死亡的首要原因。據(jù)美國疾病控制和預防中心2017年12月發(fā)布的報告，2016年美國有超過63600人因用藥過量而死亡。（注40）美國廣播公司網(wǎng)站2017年12月12日報道，阿片類藥物使用量劇增已迫使成千上萬的兒童離開他們的家庭，2012年至2016年因毒品導致的寄養(yǎng)案件增加了32%。 | The U.S. government failed in controlling drug and addictive medicine. The website of Medical Press reported on June 13, 2017 that 7.7 million Americans abused illicit drugs. On December 14, 2017, CNN said nearly 40 percent of 12th-graders, 28 percent of 10th-graders and 12.9 percent of eighth-graders had used some sort of illicit drugs in the past year. CBS News reported on June 6, 2017 on its website that between 2011 and 2015, nearly four billion opioid pills were prescribed in the state of Ohio alone. Overdoses are now the leading cause of death of Americans under the age of 50. According to a report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in December, 2017, in 2016, there were more than 63,600 drug overdose deaths in the United States. On December 12, 2017, ABC News reported that soaring use of opioids had forced tens of thousands of children to leave their homes across the United States, citing a 32 percent spike in drug-related foster care cases from 2012 to 2016. | |
醫(yī)療保障問題重重。聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會極端貧困和人權(quán)問題特別報告員菲利普·奧爾斯頓在其報告中指出，美國與同等發(fā)展水平國家之間的“健康差距”繼續(xù)拉大，其國民預期壽命更短，更容易得病身亡。（注41）英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站2017年12月15日報道，美國的醫(yī)療費用和醫(yī)療保險越來越貴，尤其是慢性疾病的治療費用，從哮喘到癌癥的藥物價格不斷創(chuàng)出歷史新高。皮尤研究中心2017年12月14日發(fā)布的調(diào)查報告顯示，自2015年以來，對政府保障醫(yī)療服務的正面評價下降了20%。（注42） | The health care system was deeply flawed. Philip Alston, the UN's special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, observed in a report that the "health gap" between the United States and its peer countries continued to grow and that Americans could expect to live shorter and sicker lives. Medical expenses and health insurance costs kept rising, with drug prices for chronic illnesses from asthma to cancer hitting record highs in the United States, The Guardian reported on its website on December 15, 2017 (www.theguardian.com, December 15, 2017). Results of a survey released by Pew Research Center on December 14, 2017 showed positive ratings for the government's handling of ensuring access to health care had declined 20 percentage points since 2015 (www.people-press.org, December 14, 2017). | |
（注26）《商業(yè)雜志》網(wǎng)站（https://www.bizjournals.com），2017年5月8日。 （注27）“秘密公開”網(wǎng)站（https://www.opensecrets.org），2017年12月27日。 （注28）authwarningsurvey網(wǎng)站（https://www.authwarningsurvey.com），2017年6月28日。 （注29）美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)（http://www.cnn.com），2017年4月28日。 （注30）“新聞學”網(wǎng)站（http://www.journalism.org），2017年4月4日。 （注31）英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.theguardian.com），2017年12月15日。 （注32）聯(lián)合國人權(quán)高專辦網(wǎng)站（http://www.ohchr.org），2017年12月15日。 （注33）斯坦福大學貧困與不平等研究中心網(wǎng)站（https://inequality.stanford.edu）。 （注34）英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.theguardian.com），2017年12月15日。 （注35）英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.theguardian.com），2017年12月15日。 （注36）“商業(yè)內(nèi)幕”網(wǎng)站（http://www.businessinsider.com），2017年1月25日。 （注37）英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.theguardian.com），2017年12月15日。 （注38）英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.theguardian.com），2017年6月30日。 （注39）英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.theguardian.com），2017年2月24日。 （注40）美國疾病控制和預防中心網(wǎng)站（https://www.cdc.gov）。 （注41）英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.theguardian.com），2017年12月15日。 （注42）people-press網(wǎng)站（http://www.people-press.org），2017年12月14日。 | ||
五、特定群體遭受歧視和人身侵犯 | V. Special Groups Suffer Discrimination and Physical Assault | |
美國女性面臨著明顯的就業(yè)和職場歧視，兒童的貧困、健康和人身安全問題引人擔憂，殘疾人遭遇暴力侵害，廣泛存在的性騷擾和性侵犯引發(fā)轟轟烈烈的抗議浪潮。 | American women faced obvious discrimination on employment and career development. The poverty, health and safety problems of children were worrisome. Persons with disabilities suffered from violent victimization. Rampant sex harassment and infringement contributed to a swarm of protests. | |
女性遭受性騷擾、性侵犯嚴重威脅。2017年10月，針對美國影視制作人哈維·溫斯坦性侵多名女明星的丑聞，美國各界在社交媒體上發(fā)起名為“我也是（受害者）”的社會運動，鼓勵受害者用這種方式抗議美國廣泛存在的性騷擾和性侵犯，得到了百萬余人響應。美國平等就業(yè)機會委員會發(fā)布的報告稱，60%的女性在工作中遭受過性騷擾。（注43）英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站2017年11月22日報道，前美國奧林匹克體操運動隊醫(yī)生拉里·納薩爾被指控性侵接受其治療的女運動員，受害者多達130多名，其中包括多名奧運金牌得主。《赫芬頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2017年12月18日報道，聯(lián)邦上訴法院法官亞歷克斯·科津斯基受到多名前女性職員對其不正當性行為的指控。美國國防部2017年5月發(fā)布的年度性侵犯報告顯示，2016年軍隊中發(fā)生的性侵犯案件達14900件。（注44）《赫芬頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2017年12月15日報道，受害女性在提出指控后，其隱私得不到保證，生活在被認出的恐懼之中，這對受害人提出性侵犯指控產(chǎn)生了負面影響。 | -- Women suffered from serious threats of sex harassment and infringement. In October 2017, the scandal of American film producer Harvey Weinstein who sexually harassed a number of female stars broke out. Many Americans from all walks of life initiated a "#MeToo(Victim)" campaign on social media platforms to encourage the victims to protest against the widespread sex harassment and infringement, receiving active responses from about a million people. According to a report from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 60 percent of women experienced harassment at work (https://www.usatoday.com, December 8, 2017). According to a report published on November 22 in 2017 on BBC website, former USA Olympic gymnastics sports doctor Larry Nassar was charged with sexual assault against more than 130 women in his care, including a number of Olympic gold medalists. According to a report published on December 18 in 2017 on the website of Huffington Post, Alex Kozinski, a federal appeals court judge, received accusations from multiple former female clerks of inappropriate sexual behavior. According to the annual sex harassment report published in May 2017 by the U.S. Department of Defense, 14,900 cases of sex harassment happened in 2016 in the army (http://abc7ny.com, December 13, 2017). According to a report published on December 15 in 2017 on the website of Huffington Post, the privacy of the female victims could not be guaranteed and they lived in fear that people were going to track them down and figured out who they were, which inflicted negative impact on the victims to lodge a sex harassment accusation. | |
就業(yè)、職場性別歧視嚴重。美國勞工統(tǒng)計局發(fā)布的就業(yè)報告顯示，2016年10月至2017年10月，美國零售業(yè)崗位共減少54300個，但男性和女性的遭遇卻截然不同：女性失去了超過16萬個職位，而男性卻增加了10.6萬個職位。（注45）皮尤研究中心的調(diào)查顯示，57%的女性表示國家在保障男女平等權(quán)利方面做得不夠，38%的女性列舉了自己在雇傭、薪酬和晉升方面遭遇性別歧視的經(jīng)歷。（注46） | -- Serious gender discrimination on employment and career development. According to an employment report from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the retail trade lost 54,300 jobs between October 2016 and October 2017, but the experiences between men and women were starkly different: women lost 160,300 jobs, while men gained 106,000 jobs (http://iwpr.org). According to a Pew Research Center survey, 57 percent of women say the country hasn't done enough to give women equal rights with men and 38 percent of women cite gender discrimination experiences related to hiring, pay or promotion (http://www.pewsocialtrends.org). | |
兒童人身權(quán)利面臨嚴重威脅。美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局2017年7月發(fā)布的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2016年度美國發(fā)生的針對10歲及以下兒童的人身傷害案件達68068起，針對11歲至15歲兒童的人身傷害案件達97588起，針對16歲至20歲青少年的人身傷害案件達159963起。其中涉及性侵犯罪案件共發(fā)生83611起。（注47）美國婦女政策研究所網(wǎng)站2017年11月28日披露，在夏威夷，近五分之一的高中女生遭受過校園欺凌，超過四分之一的女生報告稱曾遭受過非自愿的性接觸。 | -- Children's personal rights faced serious threats. According to statistics released in July 2017 by the FBI, 68,068 cases of physical assault against children aged less than 10 years old were reported in the United States in 2016, 97,588 such cases against children aged between 11 and 15 years old and 159,963 such cases against youths aged between 16 and 20 years old. Among all the cases, 83,611 are sex offense cases (http://ucr.fbi.gov). According to a report released on November 28 in 2017 by the U.S. Institute for Women's Policy Research, nearly one in five high school girls experienced bullying while over a quarter of Hawaii women reported unwanted sexual contact in their lifetime. | |
貧困兒童的健康狀況令人擔憂。英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站2017年12月11日報道，美國貧困人口中約有1330萬兒童，占兒童總?cè)丝诘?8%。美國有將近900萬兒童在長期貧困的家庭中成長，占美國兒童總?cè)丝诘?1.8%。（注48）在哥倫比亞特區(qū)的一項公房居住者健康狀況調(diào)查中，33%的成年受訪者反映家中有一個孩子患有哮喘，21%反映有一個孩子超重，14%反映有一個孩子患有慢性病。（注49） | -- The health condition of poor children was worrisome. According to a BBC report on December 11 in 2017, there were 13.3 million poor children out of the U.S. poverty-stricken population, accounting for 18 percent of U.S. children. Nearly 9 million children in the United States (11.8 percent) were grown up in persistently poor families, accounting for 11.8 percent of the U.S. children (http://www.mobilitypartnership.org, May 18, 2017). According to a survey on the health condition of the public housing residents in the District of Columbia, 33 percent of adult interviewees reported having a child with asthma, 21 percent of them reported having an overweight child and 14 percent of them reported having a child with a chronic disease (http://www.mobilitypartnership.org, March 6, 2017). | |
殘疾人遭遇暴力侵害。美國司法統(tǒng)計局2017年7月發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2009年至2015年，12歲以上殘疾人的暴力受害率至少是非殘疾人的兩倍，其中2015年超過2.5倍。殘疾人遭受嚴重暴力犯罪的比率是非殘疾人的三倍以上。（注50）根據(jù)美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局2017年發(fā)布的2016年仇恨犯罪統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，對2016年報告的6063起單一偏見案件的分析顯示，1.2%的人受到殘疾偏見的驅(qū)使。（注51） | -- Violent victimization against persons with disabilities. According to statistics released in July 2017 by the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, the rate of violent victimization against persons with disabilities was 2.5 times higher than that for persons without disabilities above 12 years old between 2009 and 2015. The rate of violent crimes against persons with disabilities tripled that for persons without disabilities (http://www.bjs.gov). According to statistics from the 2016 FBI Hate Crime Statistics Program released in 2017, out of the 6,063 single-bias incidents reported in 2016, 1.2 percent of them were prompted by disability bias (http://ucr.fbi.gov). | |
六、繼續(xù)粗暴侵犯他國人權(quán) | VI. Continued Violations of Human Rights in Other Countries | |
美國主導的軍事行動造成他國大量平民傷亡，關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄依然非法監(jiān)禁他國公民并實施酷刑。美國還制造網(wǎng)絡戰(zhàn)爭工具，肆意侵入他國網(wǎng)絡實施監(jiān)控。 | The US-led military operations in other countries have caused heavy civilian casualties. The Guantanamo Bay detention camp continued to detain and torture foreigners. The United States also made cyber warfare tools, hacking and spying foreign networks. | |
在敘利亞的軍事行動造成大量平民傷亡。《紐約時報》網(wǎng)站2017年6月19日報道，美國政府“全面授權(quán)”在伊拉克和敘利亞的美軍自主決定如何使用和使用多少武力，卻放松對平民傷亡的監(jiān)督、調(diào)查和問責，導致平民死亡人數(shù)不斷攀升。《瓊斯夫人》雜志網(wǎng)站2017年8月6日報道，美國領導的聯(lián)軍和美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊幾個月來在敘利亞各地轟炸了至少12所學校、15座清真寺、15座橋梁以及多處民用設施、醫(yī)療機構(gòu)、文物古跡和難民營。聯(lián)軍戰(zhàn)機還對等待過河以躲避戰(zhàn)禍的家庭所乘坐的船只發(fā)動了一系列空襲，21名平民被屠殺。（注52）哥倫比亞《穆斯林時報》網(wǎng)站2017年6月24日報道，美國軍方在上半年至少四次襲擊了敘利亞政府軍，其中包括4月對敘利亞機場的一次導彈襲擊。美國政治分析家邁爾斯·赫尼希表示，美國對敘利亞發(fā)動的軍事行動違反了《聯(lián)合國憲章》。（注53） | War of aggression on Syria caused a large number of civilian casualties. On June 19, 2017, The New York Times website reported that the U.S. administration had given the military "total authorization" to decide how, and how much, force would be used, while the American military had relaxed the oversight, investigation and accountability on civilian casualties, resulting in the civilian death toll ticking upward. The US-led coalition and Marines had bombed or shelled at least 12 schools, 15 mosques, 15 bridges as well as residential neighborhoods, hospitals, cultural relics and refugee camp. The coalition warplanes also launched a barrage of airstrikes targeting the boats, on which many families waited to cross a river to escape, reportedly massacring as many as 21 civilians (www.motherjones.com, August 6, 2017). The Muslim Times website reported on June 24, 2017 that the US military had attacked Syrian government forces "at least four times in recent months", including a missile strike in April against a Syrian airfield. Myles Hoenig, an American political analyst, said the United States was violating the UN Charter by conducting a war of aggression against Syria (muslimtimes.co, June 24, 2017). | |
關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄長期非法關(guān)押外國人并實施酷刑。美國廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)站2017年12月13日報道，美國新一屆政府并沒有釋放關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄的囚犯，也沒有公開任何獲釋人員或者無罪人員的名單。半島電視臺網(wǎng)站2017年9月22日報道，在美洲人權(quán)委員會的聽證會上，前關(guān)塔那摩被羈押者杰蒙·阿姆基恩表示，他在關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄被關(guān)押了11年，被長期單獨監(jiān)禁并經(jīng)受多種形式的酷刑，卻從未收到過任何關(guān)于其拘禁合法性的司法裁決。《今日美國報》網(wǎng)站2017年12月13日報道，聯(lián)合國和國際人權(quán)組織批評美國在關(guān)塔那摩創(chuàng)造了一個“合法黑洞”，允許自己在那里無限期拘禁嫌疑人卻不提起訴訟，甚至將很多未經(jīng)審判的被羈押者長期羈押達十年以上。聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會酷刑問題特別報告員尼爾斯·梅爾澤2017年12月13日敦促美國停止對關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄內(nèi)被拘禁者施行酷刑。（注54） | Foreigners have long been tortured and detained at the Guantanamo Bay. On December 13, 2017, The American Broadcasting Company website reported that the new U.S. administration had not released any prisoners from the Guantanamo Bay and not added any to the list of cleared men who can go home, or to a third country, for resettlement. The Al Jazeera website reported on September 22, 2017, that in a hearing of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (the Commission), former Guantanamo detainee Djamel Ameziane prepared a written statement saying he was detained for 11 years, faced prolonged incommunicado detention, multiple forms of torture, and never received a judicial determination regarding the legality of his detention. According to a report of The USA Today website on December 13, 2017, the U.N. and human rights organizations had criticized U.S. authorities for creating a "legal black hole" allowing for the infinite detention of suspects without charge, and for holding many of the detainees for more than a decade. Nils Melzer, the United Nations Human Rights Council special rapporteur on torture, on December 13, 2017, urged the United States to end its torture of detainees held at the controversial Guantanamo Bay detention facility (www.usatoday.com, December 13, 2017). | |
制造網(wǎng)絡戰(zhàn)爭武器。維基解密網(wǎng)站稱，美國國家安全局已經(jīng)侵入巴基斯坦的移動網(wǎng)絡，并一直在監(jiān)視該國數(shù)百個IP地址。（注55）“零對沖”網(wǎng)站2017年5月14日披露，美國國家安全局創(chuàng)建了一個被稱為“絕命武器”的網(wǎng)絡戰(zhàn)爭工具，它可以使任何人從后門溜入任何計算機系統(tǒng)。這一工具被黑客組織利用制作勒索病毒，發(fā)動了一場全球性的惡意網(wǎng)絡攻擊，劫持了全球20萬個計算機系統(tǒng)。（注56） | Making cyber warfare tools. The US National Security Agency (NSA) operators had hacked into Pakistani mobile networks and had been spying on hundreds of IP addresses in the country, WikiLeaks claimed (economictimes.indiatimes.com, April 11, 2017). On May 14, 2017, the Zero Hedge website revealed that NSA created "Top Secret Arsenal" of tools that allowed anyone to "back door" into virtually any computer system. An unknown group of hackers used the same set of NSA-created tools to launch a global malware cyber attack by using ransomeware virus, holding at least 200,000 computer systems around the globe hostage (www.zerohedge.com, May 14, 2017). | |
（注43）《今日美國報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2017年12月8日。 （注44）美國廣播電視公司第7頻道網(wǎng)站（http://abc7ny.com），2017年12月13日。 （注45）美國婦女政策研究所網(wǎng)站（https://iwpr.org），2017年12月18日。 （注46）皮尤社會趨勢網(wǎng)站（http://www.pewsocialtrends.org），2017年10月18日。 （注47）美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局網(wǎng)站（https://ucr.fbi.gov）。 （注48）mobilitypartnership網(wǎng)站（http://www.mobilitypartnership.org），2017年5月18日。 （注49）美國城市研究所網(wǎng)站（http://www.mobilitypartnership.org），2017年3月6日。 （注50）美國司法統(tǒng)計局網(wǎng)站（https://www.bjs.gov）。 （注51）美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局網(wǎng)站（https://ucr.fbi.gov）。 （注52）《瓊斯夫人》雜志網(wǎng)站（http://www.motherjones.com），2017年8月6日。 （注53）哥倫比亞《穆斯林時報》網(wǎng)站（http://muslimtimes.co），2017年6月24日。 （注54）《今日美國報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2017年12月13日。 （注55）《經(jīng)濟時報》網(wǎng)站（https://economictimes.indiatimes.com），2017年4月11日。 （注56）“零對沖”網(wǎng)站（http://www.zerohedge.com），2017年5月14日。 | (Source: Xinhua) |